Snacking behavior is associated with snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight among US college students

Snacking behavior may affect snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight; however, the associations between these variables have not been studied among college students. The objective of this study was to associate snacking behaviors with snack quality, diet quality, and weight status among college students with overweight and obesity. We hypothesized that a higher snacking frequency, accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks, and lack of knowledge would be associated with lower snack and diet quality, and higher weight. Par-ticipants (n = 140) completed a snack behavior questionnaire, three 24-hour dietary recalls to assess diet quality using Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), and snack score using an algorithm based on the US DA Smart Snack guidelines and reported weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI). Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation was used in the analyses. After adjusting for confounders, snack frequency was not associated with snack score, HEI-2015 score, or BMI, but evening snacks had a significantly lower snack score compared with late afternoon snacks ( P = .017). Also, those with more accessibility and avail-ability of unhealthy snacks had a lower snack score ( P = .001), lower HEI-2015 score ( P = .006), and higher BMI ( P = .019). Snacking for pleasure was significantly associated with a lower snack score ( P = .037). Snack score was positively correlated with HEI-2015 score but not with BMI. In conclusion, late snacking, unhealthy snack environment, and snacking for pleasure were associated with lower snack and diet quality. These findings could be used in future intervention strategies to improve snacking behaviors and the food environment. (c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study aimed to investigate the influence of factors related to snacking behavior on overweight and obesity among college students. The findings showed that late night snacks had lower quality, and the accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks were negatively associated with snack quality, diet quality, and body weight. These results can be used to improve snacking behavior and the food environment.