Journal
NEUROTOXICOLOGY
Volume 95, Issue -, Pages 117-126Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.01.008
Keywords
Heavy metals; Depression; Cumulative exposure; Elastic net regression; Environment risk score; Weighted quantile sum regression
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This study aimed to evaluate the association between urinary heavy metal mixture exposure and depression, and the modifying role of physical activity in the effects of heavy metal mixture on depression risk was also considered. The results showed that urinary tin and antimony were associated with an increased risk of depression, and physical activity could mitigate the effects of heavy metal co-exposure on depression risk.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between urinary heavy metal mixture exposure and depression, and the modifying role of physical activity in the effects of heavy metal mixture on depression risk was also considered.Methods: Data of this study were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire. We first selected 6 (cadmium, cobalt, tin, antimony, thallium, and mercury) from 14 heavy metals through elastic net regression for further analysis. Then binomial logistic regression, generalized additive model, environment risk score (ERS), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were adopted to assess the effects of six metals individual and cumulative exposure on depression risk. Finally, we also examined whether physical activity could mitigate the effects of heavy metal co-exposure on depression risk.Results: Totally, 4212 participants were included and 7.40% of subjects were with depression. We found urinary tin and antimony were separately associated with increased odds of depression (Sb: OR = 1.285, 95% CI: 1.064-1.553; Sn: OR = 1.281, 95% CI: 1.097-1.495), and a linear dose-response relationship between tin and depression was also noticed (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, urinary heavy metals co-exposure was positively related to depression risk (ERSQ4: OR = 2.691, 95% CI: 1.399-5.174; WQSpositive: OR = 1.465, 95% CI: 1.063-2.021), in which tin, antimony, and cadmium were identified with greater contributions to the overall mixture effect. In both ERS and WQS models, the significant positive association between the metal mixture and depression risk remained only in those who were inactive in physical activity.Conclusion: Our study concluded the detrimental effect of heavy metals in combined exposure on the risk of depression, which might be attenuated by physical activity.
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