Forest microbiome and global change

Forests influence climate and mitigate global change through the storage of carbon in soils. In turn, these complex ecosystems face important challenges, including increases in carbon dioxide, warming, drought and fire, pest outbreaks and nitrogen deposition. The response of forests to these changes is largely mediated by microorganisms, especially fungi and bacteria. The effects of global change differ among boreal, temperate and tropical forests. The future of forests depends mostly on the performance and balance of fungal symbiotic guilds, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria, and fungal plant pathogens. Drought severely weakens forest resilience, as it triggers adverse processes such as pathogen outbreaks and fires that impact the microbial and forest performance for carbon storage and nutrient turnover. Nitrogen deposition also substantially affects forest microbial processes, with a pronounced effect in the temperate zone. Considering plant-microorganism interactions would help predict the future of forests and identify management strategies to increase ecosystem stability and alleviate climate change effects. In this Review, we describe the impact of global change on the forest ecosystem and its microbiome across different climatic zones. We propose potential approaches to control the adverse effects of global change on forest stability, and present future research directions to understand the changes ahead. In this Review, Baldrian et al. discuss the effects of global change on the forest ecosystem and its microbiome across boreal, temperate and tropical climatic zones, and present different strategies aimed at reducing global change impact on forests.

Automated summary

Forests are influenced by global change factors such as carbon dioxide increases, warming, drought, fire, pest outbreaks, and nitrogen deposition. Microorganisms, particularly fungi and bacteria, play a crucial role in mediating the response of forests to these changes. Different climatic zones, including boreal, temperate, and tropical forests, exhibit varying effects of global change. Understanding plant-microorganism interactions is essential in predicting the future of forests and developing management strategies to enhance ecosystem stability and mitigate climate change effects.