DNMT3A-coordinated splicing governs the stem state switch towards differentiation in embryonic and haematopoietic stem cells

Upon stimulation by extrinsic stimuli, stem cells initiate a programme that enables differentiation or self-renewal. Disruption of the stem state exit has catastrophic consequences for embryogenesis and can lead to cancer. While some elements of this stem state switch are known, major regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that this switch involves a global increase in splicing efficiency coordinated by DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A), an enzyme typically involved in DNA methylation. Proper activation of murine and human embryonic and haematopoietic stem cells depends on messenger RNA processing, influenced by DNMT3A in response to stimuli. DNMT3A coordinates splicing through recruitment of the core spliceosome protein SF3B1 to RNA polymerase and mRNA. Importantly, the DNA methylation function of DNMT3A is not required and loss of DNMT3A leads to impaired splicing during stem cell turnover. Finally, we identify the spliceosome as a potential therapeutic target in DNMT3A-mutated leukaemias. Together, our results reveal a modality through which DNMT3A and the spliceosome govern exit from the stem state towards differentiation. Ramabadran et al. identify a DNA methylation-independent role for DNMT3A in stem cell activation, mediated through recruitment of SF3B1 and splicing regulation.

Automated summary

Ramabadran et al. discovered that upon extrinsic stimulation, stem cells activate a program involving increased splicing efficiency mediated by DNMT3A and recruitment of SF3B1 to RNA polymerase and mRNA, promoting the activation of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells. This DNA methylation-independent role of DNMT3A in stem cell activation and splicing regulation provides new insights into the mechanisms governing stem cell differentiation.