Molybdenum-based antimicrobial nanomaterials: A comprehensive review

The multidrug-resistant bacteria induced infections have become one of the serious threats to global public health. There is an urgent need to fight against bacteria using efficient strategies beyond traditional anti-biotics treatments. As essential trace element, molybdenum (Mo) is an indispensable component of many enzymes in the living body. The relatively low toxicity and unique physicochemical properties of Mo-based nanomaterials make them develop in various biomedical applications especially in antimicrobial stew-ardship for curing wound infection, sterilizing biomedical equipment, disinfecting water, and so on. In this review, we introduce the synthetic methods, physicochemical properties-related antibacterial activities, and applications of various Mo-based nanomaterials (MoS2, MoOx, molybdates, Mo-based polyoxometalates (POMs), and their hybrids). Then, the main antibacterial strategies including physical contact, photo -in-duced antibacterial, enzyme-like catalysis, ions release, and synergistic antibacterial are summarized. The antimicrobial mechanisms oriented by antimicrobial strategies are calssified. Furthermore, their inhibition on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) evolution and their biological safety are discussed. Finally, their chal-lenges and prospects to advance the antibacterial activity are also reviewed. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Automated summary

Multidrug-resistant bacteria-induced infections pose a serious threat to global public health, requiring efficient strategies beyond traditional antibiotics. Molybdenum-based nanomaterials, with their low toxicity and unique physicochemical properties, have shown promising applications in antimicrobial stewardship, including wound infection treatment, biomedical equipment sterilization, and water disinfection. This review discusses the synthetic methods, antibacterial activities, and applications of various molybdenum-based nanomaterials, as well as the main antibacterial strategies and mechanisms, inhibition of antimicrobial resistance evolution, and biological safety. Challenges and prospects for advancing antibacterial activity are also reviewed.