Novel fabricated potentiometric sensors for selective determination of carbinoxamine with different greenness evaluation perspectives

Electrochemical sensors, such as ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is one of the promising green analytical techniques with significant advances that opens up new frontiers of its application. In this contribution, we developed and validated novel potentiometric sensing method for selective monitoring of carbinoxamine maleate (CRX) in presence of the co-formulated drugs. A comparative potentiometric study was employed using a dual design of ISEs; a classical liquid inner-contact and solid-contact sensors. Herein, a full investigation of the opportunities and challenges offered by the two ISEs assemblies and configurations were discussed. Taking into consideration the impressive added values of solid-contact ISEs over the conventional ones, including: being eco-friendly, realtime analyzers, portable, disposal, maintenance-free, easily miniaturized, and compatible with microfabrication technologies. The backbone of the solid contact electrode is the incorporation of ionophore (2-hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin) as supramolecular element and a network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as ion-to-electron transducer in a single-piece nanocomposite membrane. Besides, the fabrication of solid-state ISEs was performed via simple one-step drop casting of the ion sensing mixture on surface of microfabricated electrode. Furthermore, the morphological and structural features of the obtained membrane were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The suggested sensors were successfully applied for quantitation of CRX in its pure and dosage form. Performances of fabricated sensors were assessed as per IUPAC recommendations. The outcomes of the proposed method were statistically benchmarked to the official approach, where no significant difference was found. Moreover, a comprehensive greenness evaluation of the investigated method was performed via various green-metrics, namely, GAM, Eco-Scale, GAPI and AGREE algorithm which is utilized 12 principles of green analytical chemistry. Finally, studying the whiteness degree of the established method was conducted using the recently introduced RGB12 model.

Automated summary

This study developed and validated a novel potentiometric sensing method for selective monitoring of carbinoxamine maleate (CRX) in the presence of co-formulated drugs. It discussed the opportunities and challenges offered by two types of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) assemblies and configurations, with a focus on the advantages of solid-contact ISEs over conventional ones. The solid-contact ISEs incorporated supramolecular elements and carbon nanotubes in a nanocomposite membrane, and was easily fabricated using a one-step drop casting method. The method was successfully applied for quantitation of CRX, and its performance was assessed according to IUPAC recommendations. It also underwent a comprehensive evaluation of its greenness using various green metrics and the RGB12 model.