Electrochemical performance and application prospect analysis of Li|| Sb-Bi-Sn liquid metal batteries

Li||Sb-Bi-Sn liquid metal batteries (LMBs) exhibit excellent cycle stability due to the self-healing action of Sb-BiSn cathode, but there are still many electrochemical conditions to be considered and determined before practical applications. Herein, the effects of different operating temperatures and charge-discharge regimes on cell performance have been investigated systematically. 500 degrees C is preferred as the optimal operating temperature of Li| LiF-LiCl-LiBr|Sb45Bi45Sn10 LMBs, and the batteries exhibit excellent rate capability and anti-pulse interference ability. Meanwhile, the energy density of the batteries is calculated to be 265 Wh kg-1, and the electrode costs are only 58.62 $ kWh-1. We propose that this work can pave a new direction toward assessing high-performance LMBs for practical applications.

Automated summary

This study systematically investigates the effects of different operating temperatures and charge-discharge regimes on the performance of Li||Sb-Bi-Sn liquid metal batteries. The optimal operating temperature is found to be 500 degrees C, and the batteries show excellent rate capability and anti-pulse interference ability. The calculated energy density of the batteries is 265 Wh kg-1, with electrode costs of only 58.62 $ kWh-1. Overall, this work paves a new direction for assessing high-performance liquid metal batteries for practical applications.