Hydrogels for Gasotransmitter Delivery: Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide

Gasotransmitters, gaseous signaling molecules including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), maintain myriad physiological processes. Low levels of gasotransmitters are often associated with specific problems or diseases, so NO, CO, and H2S hold potential in treating bacterial infections, chronic wounds, myocardial infarction, ischemia, and various other diseases. However, their clinical applications as therapeutic agents are limited due to their gaseous nature, short half-life, and broad physiological roles. One route toward the greater application of gasotransmitters in medicine is through localized delivery. Hydrogels are attractive biomedical materials for the controlled release of embedded therapeutics as they are typically biocompatible, possess high water content, have tunable mechanical properties, and are injectable in certain cases. Hydrogel-based gasotransmitter delivery systems began with NO, and hydrogels for CO and H2S have appeared more recently. In this review, the biological importance of gasotransmitters is highlighted, and the fabrication of hydrogel materials is discussed, distinguishing between methods used to physically encapsulate small molecule gasotransmitter donor compounds or chemically tether them to a hydrogel scaffold. The release behavior and potential therapeutic applications of gasotransmitter-releasing hydrogels are also detailed. Finally, the authors envision the future of this field and describe challenges moving forward.

Automated summary

Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), play important roles in maintaining various physiological processes. However, their clinical applications are limited due to their gaseous nature, short half-life, and broad physiological roles. Hydrogel-based delivery systems offer a potential solution for localized delivery of gasotransmitters. This review highlights the biological importance of gasotransmitters, discusses the fabrication of hydrogel materials, and explores the release behavior and potential therapeutic applications of gasotransmitter-releasing hydrogels. The authors also discuss the future of this field and the challenges that lie ahead.