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Summary: The study found that both vaccine-derived and naturally acquired immunity can reduce the infectiousness of individuals with Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 infections in a prison setting. Vaccinated individuals, especially those who received booster doses and were recently vaccinated, have lower infectiousness.
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Summary: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine for Omicron subvariants based on data from the USA. It shows that while effectiveness against infection decreases rapidly after the third and fourth doses, effectiveness against hospitalization remains high. The study also suggests reduced neutralization against omicron BA.4/BA.5 compared to earlier omicron subvariants.
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Bo Meng et al.
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Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.
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Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the B.1.617.2/Delta variant has been found to be highly fusogenic and more pathogenic in infected hamsters compared to prototypic SARS-CoV-2. The P681R mutation in the spike protein of this variant enhances viral fusogenicity and pathogenicity.
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Lihong Liu et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.
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Cody B. Jackson et al.
Summary: The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is facilitated by the interaction between the viral spike protein and ACE2, leading to virus-cell membrane fusion, which has been extensively studied at the structural and cellular levels worldwide. This understanding has paved the way for the development of effective vaccines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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Tommy Nyberg et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant shows lower severity compared to Delta, especially in terms of hospital admission and death, with significant variations by age. Unvaccinated cases experience a larger reduction in intrinsic severity, while vaccinated cases experience reduced vaccine effectiveness. Booster vaccination with mRNA vaccines provides over 70% protection against hospitalization and death in breakthrough Omicron infections.
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Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
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Summary: The rapid spread of the Omicron variant in Southern Africa has caused international concern. This study used statistical models to observe the replacement of the Delta variant by Omicron in England. The results show that although the spread of Omicron slowed down, it almost entirely replaced Delta within a month.
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Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread globally and has evolved into different sublineages, with BA.4 and BA.5 dominating in South Africa. These sublineages show reduced neutralization by vaccine and naturally immune serum, indicating the possibility of repeat Omicron infections.
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Matthew Whitaker et al.
Summary: This study assesses changing symptom profiles associated with different SARS-CoV-2 variants in England from May 2020 to March 2022. The authors find that Omicron infection is more often associated with cold and influenza-like symptoms, and less with loss of taste and smell. Contrary to the perception that recent variants have become milder, Omicron BA.2 was associated with reporting more symptoms and greater disruption to daily activities than BA.1.
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Brian J. Willett et al.
Summary: Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are vital in combating COVID-19, but the emergence of the Omicron variant poses a threat to this strategy. Studies have shown that the Omicron variant evades neutralization by sera from individuals vaccinated with different vaccines and reduces real-world vaccine effectiveness, although booster vaccination can partially restore its effectiveness. Additionally, the Omicron variant exhibits distinct cell entry pathways and phenotypes, which may contribute to its rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity.
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Yu Wu et al.
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Yao Fan et al.
Summary: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emerged as the most mutated and concerning variant. It has shown high transmissibility and immune evasion abilities, rapidly replacing the Delta variant in several regions. However, recent studies suggest that Omicron has reduced pathogenicity and significant resistance to vaccines and antibody therapies. This review summarizes the molecular and clinical characteristics of Omicron, discusses potential therapeutic approaches, and highlights strategies for ending the pandemic.
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Philip Ball
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Allison J. Greaney et al.
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Bin Zhou et al.
Summary: Research has shown that the D614G substitution in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 leads to increased binding and replication potential in humans, as well as significantly higher replication and transmissibility in different animal models, providing an explanation for the global prevalence of this variant in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Summary: The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is more efficient at fusing membranes at low levels of cellular receptor ACE2, possibly contributing to its heightened transmissibility. Each variant shows different rearrangement of the antigenic surface of the S protein, but only the changes in the RBD make it a better target for therapeutic antibodies.
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Summary: The translation above discusses zoonotic pandemics caused by animal viruses spilling over into highly susceptible human populations, specifically focusing on the evolution of coronaviruses in human hosts and the impact of recurrent deletions in the spike glycoprotein on antibody epitopes. These studies help understand the antigenic evolution and adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Summary: The study identifies 41 human monoclonal antibodies that recognize the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and exhibit strong neutralizing activity. These antibodies inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect animals from virus challenge, highlighting the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing antibodies for protective immunity and vaccine development. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the NTD supersite suggest ongoing selective pressure on the virus.
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Summary: The highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in the United Kingdom, has been spreading in the United States with multiple introductions as early as late November 2020. The variant shows a logistic growth rate with roughly weekly doubling and increased transmission, requiring immediate action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Erik Boehm et al.
Summary: Many new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as variants of concern/interest due to increased transmissibility, severity, immune escape, and reduced vaccine efficacy. These variants often share similar mutations, such as N501Y and E484K, which lead to partial immune escape, decreased vaccine efficacy, and potentially increased severity.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
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Luca Braga et al.
Summary: COVID-19 patients' lungs contain infected pneumocytes with abnormal morphology and frequent multinucleation, leading to the formation of syncytia driven by the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The antihelminthic drug niclosamide has shown to effectively inhibit cell fusion, potentially providing a new therapeutic approach for COVID-19 disease pathogenesis.
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Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Ying Liu et al.
Summary: The Delta variant is rapidly replacing other strains of SARS-CoV-2, with a higher R-0 value of 5.08 compared to the ancestral strain's 2.79. Increasing vaccine coverage and strengthening public health measures are now more urgent than ever to control the spread of the virus.
JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE
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William T. Harvey et al.
Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
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Jiri Zahradnik et al.
Summary: In vitro evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain successfully generated a high-affinity variant effective in inhibiting virus infection. Mutations present in more transmissible viruses were preferentially selected, and increased affinity to ACE2 was positively correlated with the incidence of RBD mutations in the population. The study also identified mutations with potential higher infectivity, and the high-affinity RBD variant showed efficacy in inhibiting infection in vitro and reducing clinical disease in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
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Summary: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has lower sensitivity to antibodies and higher replication efficiency compared to other lineages, which may contribute to its dominance and reduced vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the need for continued infection control measures post-vaccination.
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