Arm swing deviations in patients with Parkinson's disease at different gait velocities

Asymmetry of arm swing (AS) has been described as a characteristic of normal physiological gait. In patients with Parkinson's disease (PWPD), a one-sided reduction of AS can occur already as a prodromal symptom. There is limited evidence regarding AS in PWPD, but a growing interest in AS as a focus of exercise therapy. The differences of AS between 32 healthy subjects (HS) and 36 mildly-to-moderately impaired PWPD were assessed in overground walking at various gait speeds. Assessments were carried out with a sensor-based gait measurement system over a 40 m walk in very slow, slow, preferred, fast, and very fast gait speed. Longitudinal and AS kinematics were compared with ANOVA function and regression analysis. PWPD exhibited a one-sided reduction of AS compared to HS at normal, fast, and very fast walking. AS coordination, representing the timing of reciprocity of right and left AS, was reduced in PWPD in very slow and normal walking. With respect to leg movements, PWPD exhibited an increase in stride time variability in very slow gait. There were no group differences for cadence, stride length, and gait velocity. This study informs about the kinematics of AS at various gait velocities ranging from very slow to very fast in mildly-to-moderately impaired PWPD. Reduced one-sided AS can be considered as a very early sign of parkinsonian gait disturbance that precedes alterations of locomotive leg movements and improves at faster gait speeds.

Automated summary

Asymmetry of arm swing is a characteristic of normal physiological gait, but patients with Parkinson's disease (PWPD) may experience a one-sided reduction in arm swing as an early symptom. This study compared arm swing differences between healthy subjects (HS) and mildly-to-moderately impaired PWPD at various walking speeds. The results showed that PWPD had reduced arm swing compared to HS during normal, fast, and very fast walking. The coordination of arm swing was also reduced in PWPD during very slow and normal walking. These findings suggest that reduced one-sided arm swing can be an early sign of parkinsonian gait disturbance.