Journal
JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY
Volume 86, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01923-7
Keywords
COVID-19 unequal effect; Hybrid discrete-time-continuous-time model; Developed countries; Sub-Saharan Africa
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In this study, we found that most epidemiological mathematical models are formulated in continuous-time interval. Therefore, we developed parameterized hybrid discrete-time-continuous-time models to study the COVID-19 infections in Cameroon and New York State. Our findings highlight the importance of matching the time scale of a data-driven mathematical model with the actual data reporting.
Worldwide, the recent SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 670 million people and killed nearly 67.0 million. In Africa, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases was approximately 12.7 million as of January 11, 2023, that is about 2% of the infections around the world. Many theories and modeling techniques have been used to explain this lower-than-expected number of reported COVID-19 cases in Africa relative to the high disease burden in most developed countries. We noted that most epidemiological mathematical models are formulated in continuous-time interval, and taking Cameroon in Sub-Saharan Africa, and New York State in the USA as case studies, in this paper we developed parameterized hybrid discrete-time-continuous-time models of COVID-19 in Cameroon and New York State. We used these hybrid models to study the lower-than-expected COVID-19 infections in developing countries. We then used error analysis to show that a time scale for a data-driven mathematical model should match that of the actual data reporting.
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