Morphologic and molecular analysis of liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reveals distinct characteristics

Review Immunology

Autoimmmune hepatitis

Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli et al.

Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease affecting all ages, with type 1 and type 2 having different autoantibodies and predisposing factors, typically responding well to treatment with steroids and azathioprine.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

New-onset autoimmune phenomena post-COVID-19 vaccination

Yue Chen et al.

Summary: Autoimmune manifestations have been reported in response to certain COVID-19 vaccines, but it is still unclear whether there is a causal relationship. These reports can help guide the clinical assessment and management of autoimmune manifestations after vaccination.

IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

B cell receptor repertoire kinetics after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Prasanti Kotagiri et al.

Summary: B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire development differs between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, potentially informing vaccine strategies. After infection, there is an increase in immunoglobulin (Ig)G1/3 and IgA1 BCRs, a decrease in somatic hypermutation (SHM), and expansion of IgM and IgA clones in severe disease. In contrast, vaccination leads to an increase in IgD/M BCRs, unchanged SHM, and prominent expansion of IgG clones.

CELL REPORTS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Features of immune-mediated hepatitis, role of corticosteroid therapy and outcome

Cumali Efe et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the clinical features, treatment response, and outcomes of liver injury following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The liver injury was predominantly hepatocellular and some patients showed features of immune-mediated hepatitis. Corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial for patients with immune-mediated features or severe hepatitis. The overall outcome was generally favorable, but a few patients experienced vaccine-associated liver failure.

HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Novel Multifaceted Roles for RNF213 Protein

Giuliana Pollaci et al.

Summary: This review discusses the emerging roles and relevance of RNF213 in Moyamoya Arteriopathy, highlighting its involvement in angiogenesis, inflammation, antimicrobial activity, and lipid metabolism. The novel evidence reviewed here provides new insights into the pathogenesis of this disease and may contribute to the design of future research studies.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mitochondria as the Target of Hepatotoxicity and Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Methods

Milos Mihajlovic et al.

Summary: Drug-induced liver injury is often associated with mitochondrial perturbation and dysfunction. While many methods have been developed to study mitochondrial function, there is a need for more liver physiology-based models and approaches to predict potential toxicity and reduce clinical complications.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Immune-mediated hepatitis with the Moderna vaccine, no longer a coincidence but confirmed

Gloria Shwe Zin Tun et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can elicit a CD8 T-cell dominant hepatitis

Tobias Boettler et al.

Summary: This case report highlights the occurrence of autoimmune hepatitis episodes following COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with distinctive T cell-dominant immune-mediated hepatitis. Liver tissue analysis revealed an immune infiltrate with activated cytotoxic CD8 T cells predominantly distributed, indicating a unique pathomechanism associated with vaccination-induced antigens.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Autoimmune hepatitis or drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis following Covid-19 vaccination?

Federica Fimiano et al.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Consensus recommendations for histological criteria of autoimmune hepatitis from the International AIH Pathology Group Results of a workshop on AIH histology hosted by the European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases and the European Society of Pathology

Ansgar W. Lohse et al.

Summary: This study aimed to establish histological diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), which are applicable to patients with both acute and chronic presentations, and to more accurately reflect the current understanding of liver pathology in AIH.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Biology

T cell receptor convergence is an indicator of antigen-specific T cell response in cancer immunotherapies

Mingyao Pan et al.

eLife (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Risk of acute liver injury following the mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) COVID-19 vaccines

Carlos King Ho Wong et al.

Summary: This study found no evidence of an increased risk of acute liver injury (ALI) following COVID-19 vaccination. The risk of ALI was much higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to vaccination. Therefore, the benefits of mass COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the potential risks.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Setting up criteria for drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis through a systematic analysis of published reports

Einar S. Bjornsson et al.

Summary: This study aimed to establish criteria to define and review suspected drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis (DI-AILH). They found that interferons, imatinib, adalimumab, and MPS were the best-documented agents leading to probable DI-AILH. They also identified Tinospora cordifolia and Khat as the only herbal and dietary supplements capable of inducing DI-AILH.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Maochen Li et al.

Summary: This article systematically assesses the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including their potential complications and effects on different populations. It recommends governments and relevant agencies to continue the vaccination process while paying attention to vaccine safety, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring patient well-being. Additional measures like mix-and-match vaccination, developing new types of vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvants are suggested to improve vaccine safety and effectiveness.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2022)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review

Akash Roy et al.

Summary: This article provides a systematic review on immune-mediated liver injury (ILI) following COVID-19 vaccination. The study found that ILI after vaccination is rare and often presents with symptoms such as jaundice. Concurrent medication use and pre-existing comorbidities are common among ILI patients. The diagnosis of ILI is established based on histopathology and biochemical findings, and corticosteroids have shown excellent efficacy in treating ILI.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Next-Generation Immunosequencing Reveals Pathological T-Cell Architecture in Autoimmune Hepatitis

Christoph Schultheiss et al.

Summary: Patients with autoimmune hepatitis exhibit significant and persistent T-cell architectural changes, which may explain the high relapse rates after tapering immunosuppression. Liver T-cell clusters shared between patients may mediate liver damage and require further study.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Autoimmune hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: New-onset or flare-up?

Enver Avci et al.

Summary: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination against it may trigger autoimmune diseases, with autoimmune hepatitis being a potential manifestation. Clinicians should exercise caution and consider autoimmune hepatitis as a possible etiology when diagnosing patients.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccine-more than a coincidence

Isabel Garrido et al.

Summary: The case of acute severe autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination highlights the importance of closely monitoring adverse reactions during the vaccination process to ensure safety. Healthcare providers must remain vigilant during mass COVID-19 vaccination to detect and manage potential complications promptly.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Autoimmune hepatitis developing after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: Causality or casualty?

Fernando Bril et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes

William N. Voss et al.

Summary: The study found that in convalescent individuals from COVID-19, the IgG antibodies primarily target epitopes outside the receptor binding domain (RBD) in the spike glycoprotein. It also revealed a protective NTD antibody and an NTD epitope that is recurrently mutated in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Established and novel therapeutic options for autoimmune hepatitis

Rodrigo Liberal et al.

Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and interface hepatitis. Treatment typically involves nonspecific immunosuppression with steroids and azathioprine, but new therapeutic strategies are needed to achieve long-lasting disease remission without broad immunosuppression. Defects in regulatory T cells play a permissive role in enabling autoimmune liver injury.

LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Acute autoimmune-like hepatitis with atypical anti-mitochondrial antibody after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: A novel clinical entity?

Michele Ghielmetti et al.

Summary: This case report describes a 63-year-old man who developed acute severe autoimmune-like hepatitis seven days after receiving the mRNA1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, despite having no history of autoimmunity or natural infection with the virus. The patient displayed unique autoimmune liver serology patterns, including an atypical anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) and a distinct type of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA). Treatment with prednisone was effective for this emerging condition.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Another case of autoimmune hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination - still casualty?

Maria-Carlota Londono et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Autoimmune hepatitis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: May not be a casuality

Alba Rocco et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans

Prabhu S. Arunachalam et al.

Summary: The study found that vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine can induce immune responses against neutralizing antibodies and CD4, CD8 T cells of SARS-CoV-2. Booster vaccines can significantly enhance innate immune responses, and different innate pathways associated with CD8 T cells and neutralizing antibodies have been identified.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

CODEX multiplexed tissue imaging with DNA-conjugated antibodies

Sarah Black et al.

Summary: Advances in multiplexed imaging technologies, such as CODEX, using DNA-conjugated antibodies and fluorescently labeled DNA probes, allow visualization of up to 60 markers simultaneously in tissues. This enables a deep view into single-cell spatial relationships and can drive discovery in developmental biology, disease, and therapeutic design.

NATURE PROTOCOLS (2021)

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Letter Immunology