Sonochemical oxidation and stabilization of liquid elemental mercury in water and soil

Over 3000 mercury (Hg)-contaminated sites worldwide contain liquid metallic Hg [Hg(0)l] representing a continuous source of elemental Hg(0) in the environment through volatilization and solubilization in water. Currently, there are few effective treatment technologies available to remove or sequester Hg(0)l in situ. We investigated sonochemical treatments coupled with complexing agents, polysulfide and sulfide, in oxidizing Hg (0)l and stabilizing Hg in water, soil and quartz sand. Results indicate that sonication is highly effective in breaking up and oxidizing liquid Hg(0)l beads via acoustic cavitation, particularly in the presence of polysulfide. Without complexing agents, sonication caused only minor oxidation of Hg(0)l but increased headspace gaseous Hg(0)g and dissolved Hg(0)aq in water. However, the presence of polysulfide essentially stopped Hg(0) volatil-ization and solubilization. As a charged polymer, polysulfide was more effective than sulfide in oxidizing Hg(0)l and subsequently stabilizing the precipitated metacinnabar (beta-HgS) nanocrystals. Sonochemical treatments with sulfide yielded incomplete oxidation of Hg(0)l, likely resulting from the formation of HgS coatings on the dispersed mu m-size Hg(0)l bead surfaces. Sonication with polysulfide also resulted in rapid oxidation of Hg(0)l and precipitation of HgS in quartz sand and in the Hg(0)l-contaminated soil. This research indicates that sono-chemical treatment with polysulfide could be an effective means in rapidly converting Hg(0)l to insoluble HgS precipitates in water and sediments, thereby preventing its further emission and release to the environment. We suggest that future studies are performed to confirm its technical feasibility and treatment efficacy for remedi-ation applications.

Automated summary

There are over 3000 mercury-contaminated sites worldwide that contain liquid metallic mercury (Hg(0)l), which continuously releases elemental mercury (Hg(0)) into the environment through volatilization and solubilization in water. Current treatment technologies for in situ removal or sequestration of Hg(0)l are limited. This study investigated the effectiveness of sonochemical treatments coupled with complexing agents, polysulfide and sulfide, in oxidizing and stabilizing Hg in various environmental matrices. Results showed that sonication, especially in the presence of polysulfide, effectively broke up and oxidized Hg(0)l beads through acoustic cavitation. With the addition of polysulfide, Hg(0) volatilization and solubilization were significantly reduced. Sonochemical treatment with polysulfide also resulted in the rapid oxidation of Hg(0)l and precipitation of HgS in water, soil, and quartz sand, demonstrating its potential as an effective method for converting Hg(0)l to insoluble HgS precipitates and preventing further emissions to the environment.