Activation of sulfite by micron-scale iron-carbon composite for metronidazole degradation: Theoretical and experimental studies

In recent years, sulfite (S(IV)), as an alternative to persulfates, has played a crucial role in eliminating antibiotics in wastewater, so there is an urgent need to develop a cheap, environmentally friendly, and effective catalyst. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) has great potential for activated S(IV) removal of organic pollutants, but its reactivity in water is reduced due to passivation. In this study, a micron-scale iron-carbon composite(mZVI@C-800) prepared via high-temperature calcination was coupled with S(IV) to degrade metronidazole (MNZ). Under the optimized reaction conditions of mZVI@C-800 dosage of 0.2 g/L and S(IV) concentration of 0.1 g/L, the MNZ removal rate was up to 81.5 % in acidic and neutral environments. The surface chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by different analytical techniques, and the corresponding catalytic mechanism was analyzed based on these analytical results. As a result, Fe2+ is the main active site, and .OH and SO4-were the dominant active species. The increase in efficiency was attributed to the introduction of carbon to enhance the corrosion of mZVI further releasing more Fe2+. Additionally proposed were the potential response mechanism, the degradation path, and the toxicity change rule. These results demonstrate that the catalytic breakdown of antibiotics in wastewater treatment can be accelerated by the use of the outstanding catalytic material mZVI@C-800.

Automated summary

In recent years, sulfite (S(IV)) has been used as an alternative to persulfates to remove antibiotics in wastewater. However, there is a need for a cheap, environmentally friendly, and effective catalyst. This study used a micron-scale iron-carbon composite (mZVI@C-800) coupled with S(IV) to degrade metronidazole (MNZ). The results showed that the MNZ removal rate reached 81.5% under optimized reaction conditions. The introduction of carbon enhanced the corrosion of mZVI, releasing more Fe2+ and improving the efficiency.