☆ 4.5 Article

Pump the brakes! The hindlimbs of three-toed sloths decelerate and support suspensory locomotion

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2023)

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.

Article Zoology

Grip it good: in vivo grip force across substrate diameters in the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

M. W. Young et al.

Summary: This study investigates how grip force in brown-throated three-toed sloths is affected by substrate diameter, sidedness, and limb differences. The findings suggest that substrate diameter and sidedness significantly influence grip strength, with the greatest grip force potential found on the left side of the body and on large-diameter supports.

JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Three toes and three modes: Dynamics of terrestrial, suspensory, and vertical locomotion in brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypodidae, Xenarthra)

Melody W. Young et al.

Summary: This study examines the gait characteristics and kinetic data of the brown-throated three-toed sloth during terrestrial quadrupedal crawling, suspensory walking, and vertical climbing. The results show that the sloth exhibits different movement characteristics in each mode, with longer contact times and stride durations, larger duty factors, and greater speed during vertical climbing. The sloth also generates significantly greater fore-aft impulses during vertical climbing. Additionally, the study reveals that during quadrupedal crawling and vertical climbing, both limb pairs serve propulsive roles, while during suspensory walking, the forelimb and hindlimb have opposing functions.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Anatomy & Morphology

Myology of the pelvic limb of the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

Michael T. Butcher et al.

Summary: This study investigates the myology of three-toed sloths and identifies limb muscle traits that indicate modification for suspensorial habit. The findings reveal specific muscle adaptations in the pelvic limb of the brown-throated three-toed sloth, including well-developed hip flexors and extensors, massive knee flexors, and robust digital flexors and tendons. These adaptations emphasize the importance of muscle mass and organization for suspensory support in tree sloths.

JOURNAL OF ANATOMY (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Does a suspensory lifestyle result in increased tensile strength? Organ-level material properties of sloth limb bones

Angela M. Mossor et al.

Summary: The material properties of limb bones from tree sloths show lower strength and elastic modulus in compression and bending compared to pronograde taxa, supporting the hypothesis that sloth limb bones are modified for enhanced tensile strength.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Overcoming a 'forbidden phenotype': the parrot's head supports, propels and powers tripedal locomotion

Melody W. Young et al.

Summary: Although no vertebrate has an odd number of limbs, tripedal gaits have evolved in both avian and mammalian lineages. Our study on climbing lovebirds shows that they use their beaks and hindlimbs to generate propulsive forces comparable to those generated by the forelimbs of humans and non-human primates during vertical climbing. This suggests that parrots have adapted their feeding apparatus and neck muscles to function as a third limb during climbing.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Testing mechanisms for weight support distribution during inverted quadrupedalism in primates

Edwin Dickinson et al.

Summary: A key characteristic of primate above-branch arboreal locomotion is hindlimb-biased weight support. Inverted quadrupedal gaits, in which primates are suspended beneath branches by their hands and feet, have been documented in more than 50 primate taxa. In this study, the researchers compare the differences in kinetic and kinematic data of upright and inverted quadrupedalism in several primate species and find that inverted quadrupedalism is differentiated from above-branch quadrupedalism by increases in forelimb weight support, forelimb contact times, and both forelimb and hindlimb joint excursions.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Physiology

Coming to grips with life upside down: how myosin fiber type and metabolic properties of sloth hindlimb muscles contribute to suspensory function

Kyle B. Spainhower et al.

Summary: The research found differences in slow myosin heavy chain fiber type distribution and energy metabolism in the hindlimbs of three-toed and two-toed sloths, indicating potential adaptations for force production and energy savings in sloth hindlimb muscles. Furthermore, differences in enzyme activity levels between anaerobic and aerobic enzymes suggest potential functional adaptations in sloth limbs beyond muscle fiber type expression.

JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Evolutionary Biology

Hind Limb Bone Proportions Reveal Unexpected Morphofunctional Diversification in Xenarthrans

Sarah K. Marshall et al.

Summary: This study provides a detailed analysis of the skeletal morphology of extant xenarthrans, revealing significant features related to their lifestyle habits, including femur robustness, limb mechanical advantage, and foot/claw length. The results show clear differentiation of different xenarthran species in morphospace, with evidence of functional trait convergence.

JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Variation in limb loading magnitude and timing in tetrapods

Michael C. Granatosky et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Keep calm and hang on: EMG activation in the forelimb musculature of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus)

Marissa A. Gorvet et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Anthropology

The mechanical origins of arm-swinging

Michael C. Granatosky et al.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths

Frederic Delsuc et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Mechanisms for the functional differentiation of the propulsive and braking roles of the forelimbs and hindlimbs during quadrupedal walking in primates and felines

Michael C. Granatosky et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Evolutionary Biology

Architectural Properties of Sloth Forelimb Muscles (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)

Rachel A. Olson et al.

JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Physiology

Cheap labor: myosin fiber type expression and enzyme activity in the forelimb musculature of sloths (Pilosa: Xenarthra)

Kyle B. Spainhower et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Forelimb and hindlimb loading patterns during quadrupedal locomotion in the large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) and common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)

M. C. Granatosky

JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Review Zoology

A Review of locomotor diversity in mammals with analyses exploring the influence of substrate use, body mass and intermembral index in primates

Michael C. Granatosky

JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning

Alexander Mathis et al.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two-toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa)

Michael C. Granatosky et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Forelimb and hind limb loading patterns during below branch quadrupedal locomotion in the two-toed sloth

M. C. Granatosky et al.

JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY (2017)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Work minimization accounts for footfall phasing in slow quadrupedal gaits

James R. Usherwood et al.

ELIFE (2017)

Add to Collection

Article Evolutionary Biology

Evolutionary Relationships among Extinct and Extant Sloths: The Evidence of Mitogenomes and Retroviruses

Graham J. Slater et al.

GENOME BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2016)

Add to Collection

Article Anatomy & Morphology

Why are there apes? Evidence for the co-evolution of ape and monkey ecomorphology

Kevin D. Hunt

JOURNAL OF ANATOMY (2016)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Gait kinetics of above- and below-branch quadrupedal locomotion in lemurid primates

Michael C. Granatosky et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2016)

Add to Collection

Article Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4

Douglas Bates et al.

JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL SOFTWARE (2015)

Add to Collection

Article Evolutionary Biology

Complex body size trends in the evolution of sloths (Xenarthra: Pilosa)

Sara Raj Pant et al.

BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (2014)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

A mechanical link model of two-toed sloths: no pendular mechanics during suspensory locomotion

John A. Nyakatura et al.

ACTA THERIOLOGICA (2013)

Add to Collection

Review Evolutionary Biology

The Convergent Evolution of Suspensory Posture and Locomotion in Tree Sloths

John A. Nyakatura

JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION (2012)

Add to Collection

Article Anthropology

Weight Support Distribution During Quadrupedal Walking in Ateles and Cebus

Susan G. Larson et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (2011)

Add to Collection

Article Anatomy & Morphology

Topsy-turvy locomotion: biomechanical specializations of the elbow in suspended quadrupeds reflect inverted gravitational constraints

Shin-ichi Fujiwara et al.

JOURNAL OF ANATOMY (2011)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Limb kinematics during locomotion in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus, Xenarthra) and its implications for the evolution of the sloth locomotor apparatus

John A. Nyakatura et al.

ZOOLOGY (2010)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Feeding ecotogy and postural behaviour of the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus flaccidus) in northern Venezuela

B. Urbani et al.

MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY (2007)

Add to Collection

Article Zoology

Positional behavior of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus) in French Guiana

D Youlatos

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY (2002)

Add to Collection

© Peeref 2019-2024. All rights reserved.