Universality of the muon component of extensive air showers

In extensive air shower experiments, the number of muons crossing a detector at a given position, as well as their arrival time, arrival direction, and energy, are determined by a more fundamental 3-dimensional distribution linked to the hadronic core of the shower. Muons are produced high up in the atmosphere after the decay of mesons in the hadronic cascade. The distributions of production depth, energy, and transverse momentum of muons are enough to fully predict the muon component of air showers in any particular observational condition. By using air-shower simulations with the state-of-the-art hadronic interaction models, the mentioned distributions at production are analyzed as a function of zenith angle, primary mass, and hadronic interaction model, and their level of universality is studied and assessed in an exhaustive manner for the first time.

Automated summary

In extensive air shower experiments, the characteristics of muons in the shower, such as their number, arrival time, direction, and energy, are determined by the 3-dimensional distribution associated with the hadronic core of the shower. This distribution is influenced by parameters such as zenith angle, primary mass, and the hadronic interaction model used. By analyzing the production distributions of muons as a function of these parameters, the universality of their behavior in air showers can be studied.