Development of pseudo-targeted profiling of isotopic metabolomics using combined platform of high resolution mass spectrometry and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with application of 13 C 6-glucose tracing in HepG2 cells

Isotope tracing assisted metabolic analysis is becoming a unique tool to understand metabolic regulation in cell biology and biomedical research. Targeted mass spectrometry analysis based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) has been widely applied in isotope tracing experiment with the advantages of high sensitivity and broad linearity. However, its application for new pathway discovery is largely restrained by molecular coverage. To overcome this limitation, we describe a strategy called pseudo-targeted profiling of isotopic metabolomics (PtPIM) to expand the analysis of isotope labeled metabolites beyond the limit of known pathways and chemical standards. Pseudo-targeted metabolomics was first established with ion transitions and retention times transformed from high resolution (orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Isotope labeled MRM transitions were then generated according to chemical formulas of fragments, which were derived from accurate ion masses acquired by HRMS. An in-house software PseudoIsoMRM was developed to simulate isotope labeled ion transitions in batch mode and correct the interference of natural isotopologues. This PtPIM strategy was successfully applied to study 13 C 6 -glucose traced HepG2 cells. As 313 molecules determined as analysis targets, a total of 4104 ion transitions were simulated to monitor 13 C labeled metabolites in positive-negative switching mode of QQQ mass spectrometer with minimum dwell time of 0.3 ms achieved. A total of 68 metabolites covering glycolysis, TCA cycle, nucleotide biosynthesis, one-carbon metabolism and related derivatives were found to be labeled ( > 2%) in HepG2 cells. Active pentose phosphate pathway was observed with diverse labeling status of glycolysis intermediates. Meanwhile, our PtPIM strategy revealed that rotenone severely suppressed mitochondrial function e.g. oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid beta-oxidation. In this case, anaerobic respiration became the major source of energy metabolism by producing abundant lactate. Conclusively, the simulation based PtPIM method demonstrates a strategy to broaden metabolite coverage in isotope tracing analysis independent of standard chemicals.

Automated summary

Isotope tracing assisted metabolic analysis is a useful tool to understand metabolic regulation. This study presents a strategy called pseudo-targeted profiling of isotopic metabolomics (PtPIM) to expand the analysis of isotope labeled metabolites. The PtPIM method successfully broadened metabolite coverage in isotope tracing analysis and revealed the effects of rotenone on mitochondrial function.