Virgin Olive Oil By-Products: Biological Activity of Phenolic Extract of Pate on AGS Gastric Cells

Pate is a by-product of olive oil production which represents an abundant source of phenolic compounds and can be used for food formulation, reducing its environmental impact and promoting a circular economy. In this context, the effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of pate were evaluated for the first time in an AGS human cell line commonly used as model of gastric mucosa. Pate was obtained from Tuscan olives; the total phenolic content was 16.6 mg/g dried extract, with verbascoside and secoiridoid derivatives as the most abundant phenols. The phenolic pate extract did not alter viability, distribution of cell cycle phases or proliferation and migration of AGS cells at the tested concentrations. Seven enzymes were chosen to investigate the metabolic effect of the pate extract in the context of oxidative stress. Pate produced a statistically significant increase in the activity of key enzymes of some metabolic pathways: Lactate dehydrogenase, Enolase, Pyruvate kinase, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Citrate synthase, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and Hexokinase. Pre-treatments with the extract of pate at 100 mu g/mL or 200 mu g/mL, as observed through PCA analysis, appeared able to counteract the enzymatic activity alterations due to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 1 mM and 2 mM. The results indicate that dried pate, due to its phenolic components, can be proposed as a new functional food ingredient.

Automated summary

Pate, a by-product of olive oil production, is rich in phenolic compounds and can be used as a food ingredient to reduce environmental impact and promote circular economy. The effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of pate were evaluated in AGS human cell line, showing no significant impact on cell viability, cycle, proliferation, and migration. The extract also counteracted the enzymatic activity alterations caused by oxidative stress.