Proenkephalin as a Novel Prognostic Marker in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Over the last several years, the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of patients with heart failure (HF) has skyrocketed. Natriuretic peptides are currently the most widely used biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of individuals with HF. Proenkephalin (PENK) activates delta-opioid receptors in cardiac tissue, resulting in a decreased myocardial contractility and heart rate. However, the goal of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association between the PENK level at the time of admission and prognosis in patients with HF, such as all-cause mortality, rehospitalization, and decreasing renal function. High PENK levels have been associated with a worsened prognosis in patients with HF.

Automated summary

In recent years, the use of biomarkers in diagnosing heart failure patients has significantly increased. Natriuretic peptides are currently the most commonly used biomarker for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in heart failure patients. Proenkephalin (PENK) activates delta-opioid receptors in cardiac tissue, leading to decreased myocardial contractility and heart rate. However, this meta-analysis aims to assess the association between PENK levels at admission and the prognosis of heart failure patients, including all-cause mortality, rehospitalization, and declining renal function. High PENK levels have been found to be linked to a worsened prognosis in heart failure patients.