Related references
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Virology
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Summary: This study investigated the first significant COVID-19 school outbreak in Hamburg, Germany, after the re-opening of schools in 2020. Through clinical, laboratory, and contact data analysis, the causes and spread of the outbreak were examined. Sequence analysis revealed that the outbreak originated from a staff member and two superspreading events occurred in lesson units.
Article
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Katja Hoschler et al.
Summary: Seroepidemiological studies are important for monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in a population. Noninvasive sampling methods, such as collecting oral fluids, are advantageous for reducing barriers to investigations. In this study, three different assays were evaluated using paired serum and oral fluid samples from children and adults. The anti-NP IgG capture assay showed the highest sensitivity, making it a suitable candidate for population-based surveillance. Oral fluid assays using spike protein and RBD antigens also achieved reasonable sensitivity and specificity in the target population. Overall, oral fluid assays based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are a useful tool for seroepidemiology studies in children.
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Summary: A study in England found that twice weekly mass testing using lateral flow tests helped control pupil-to-pupil transmission in secondary schools. The study also showed that repeat testing of close contacts alongside mass testing could greatly reduce absences with only a marginal increase in transmission.
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Summary: The COVID-19 Schools Infection Survey (SIS) aims to assess the role of schools in SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission, and mitigate transmission through the implementation of control measures. The study was conducted in primary and secondary schools in England, and measured virus prevalence, antibody prevalence, school attendance rates, feasibility and acceptability of control measures, and investigated school outbreaks. The findings aim to inform national guidance and public health policy for educational settings.
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Thomas House et al.
Summary: This study analyzes the data from the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey in England, focusing on household infection and transmission. The findings indicate that the rate of infection introduction into households varies over time in line with the overall epidemic and vaccination program. The susceptible-infectious transmission probabilities within households range from 15% to 35%. The emergence of the Alpha and Delta variants has influenced the infectiousness within households, with the Alpha variant being around 50% more infectious than the wildtype and 35% less infectious than the Delta variant. Additionally, workers in patient-facing roles had a significantly higher risk (ranging from 25% to 300%) of bringing infection into their households prior to vaccination. There is also an increased risk for secondary school-age children to bring infection into their households when schools are open, as well as for primary school-age children since the emergence of new variants.
STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH
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Summary: This study estimated the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and outbreaks among staff and students in educational settings in England during the summer half-term of 2020, finding that infections and outbreaks were uncommon in educational settings, but strongly associated with regional COVID-19 incidence. The results emphasize the importance of controlling community transmission to protect educational settings, with interventions focusing on reducing transmission among staff.
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Zeynep Ertem et al.
Summary: Results from a nationwide cohort study in the United States suggest that reopening schools for in-person learning does not significantly increase community case rates of SARS-CoV-2, but in the South, hybrid or traditional schooling modes can lead to a significant increase in weekly infection cases. Further studies are needed to fully understand the regional differences observed.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
J. A. Hall et al.
Summary: The study found that household transmission was most common between adult cases and contacts of a similar age. Children under 16 had a lower likelihood of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 through household transmission. Regions with lower deprivation and houses of multiple occupancy had lower rates of household transmission.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
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(2021)
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Summary: The study found that some minority ethnic populations in England have higher risks of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and experiencing adverse COVID-19 outcomes compared to the White population, even after adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical, and household characteristics.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Agne Ulyte et al.
Summary: This study examined longitudinal changes in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and clustering of seropositive children in schools in Zurich, Switzerland from June to November 2020. The overall seroprevalence increased during this period, with varying rates across districts. The clustering of seropositive children was observed in only a few classes, indicating that with schools open and preventive measures in place, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children was limited despite community transmission.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
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Ilaria Dorigatti et al.
Summary: A study in Vo', Italy, conducted two mass swab testing campaigns in February and March 2020, followed by serological surveys in May and November. The findings show a seroprevalence of 3.5% in May and indicate that the majority of positive sera in May still reacted against at least one antigen in November. Analysis of household members revealed a Susceptible-Infectious Transmission Probability of 26.0%, with limited impact of contact tracing on epidemic suppression.
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CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH
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