Classification, processing, and applications of bioink and 3D bioprinting: A detailed review

With the advancement in 3D bioprinting technology, cell culture methods can design 3D environments which are both, complex and physiologically relevant. The main component in 3D bioprinting, bioink, can be split into various categories depending on the criterion of categorization. Although the choice of bioink and bioprinting process will vary greatly depending on the application, general features such as material properties, biological interaction, gelation, and viscosity are always important to consider. The foundation of 3D bioprinting is the exact layer-by-layer implantation of biological elements, biochemicals, and living cells with the spatial control of the implantation of functional elements onto the biofabricated 3D structure. Three basic strategies underlie the 3D bioprinting process: autonomous self-assembly, micro tissue building blocks, and biomimicry or biomimetics. Tissue engineering can benefit from 3D bioprinting in many ways, but there are still numerous obstacles to overcome before functional tissues can be produced and used in clinical settings. A better comprehension of the physiological characteristics of bioink materials and a higher level of ability to reproduce the intricate biolog-ically mimicked and physiologically relevant 3D structures would be a significant improvement for 3D bio-printing to overcome the limitations.

Automated summary

With the advancement in 3D bioprinting technology, the design of complex and physiologically relevant 3D environments through cell culture methods has become possible. The choice of bioink and bioprinting process is crucial and depends on factors such as material properties, biological interaction, gelation, and viscosity. The foundation of 3D bioprinting lies in the precise layer-by-layer implantation of biological elements onto biofabricated 3D structures, with three basic strategies being used: autonomous self-assembly, micro tissue building blocks, and biomimicry. However, there are still obstacles to overcome before functional tissues can be effectively produced and used in clinical settings, requiring a better understanding of bioink materials and the ability to reproduce intricate 3D structures mimicking biology and physiology.