Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Volume 29, Issue 5, Pages 2467-2477Publisher
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2023.3247114
Keywords
Virtual Reality; 3D User Interfaces; 3D Navigation; Head-Mounted Display; Flying; Mid-Air Navigation
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This paper presents three adaptations of the classic teleportation metaphor that allow users to travel to mid-air targets in virtual reality. The three techniques differ in how elevation changes are integrated into the target selection process, either simultaneously or as a separate step. A user study with 30 participants showed that the simultaneous method had the highest accuracy, while the two-step method had the lowest task load and received the highest usability ratings. The separate method was found to be least suitable on its own, but could complement other approaches. Based on these findings and previous research, initial design guidelines for mid-air navigation techniques are proposed.
Most prior teleportation techniques in virtual reality are bound to target positions in the vicinity of selectable scene objects. In this paper, we present three adaptations of the classic teleportation metaphor that enable the user to travel to mid-air targets as well. Inspired by related work on the combination of teleports with virtual rotations, our three techniques differ in the extent to which elevation changes are integrated into the conventional target selection process. Elevation can be specified either simultaneously, as a connected second step, or separately from horizontal movements. A user study with 30 participants indicated a trade-off between the simultaneous method leading to the highest accuracy and the two-step method inducing the lowest task load as well as receiving the highest usability ratings. The separate method was least suitable on its own but could serve as a complement to one of the other approaches. Based on these findings and previous research, we define initial design guidelines for mid-air navigation techniques.
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