Path Planning and Obstacle Avoidance Control for Autonomous Multi-Axis Distributed Vehicle Based on Dynamic Constraints

Obstacle avoidance problem for the autonomous vehicle has received more and more attention these years, especially for the autonomous heavy vehicle, which has the high gravity center, large carrying capacity and promising commercial prospect. However, the vehicle dynamic properties have been rarely considered for path planning, which is a crucial factor for driving safety. An integrated collision avoidance framework that consists of a new path planner and a tracking controller considering multiple dynamic constraints is proposed for an autonomous multi-axis distributed vehicle. In the upper level, a new optimal path generator based on the B-splines is designed for safety and stability purposes, and the collision avoidance path is optimized considering multiple dynamic constraints, including the tire nonlinear dynamic, lateral stability limits and the anti-slip constraints. Meanwhile, a safety assessment evaluator according to the time to collision calculation is designed for risk level recognition and path planning weight determination. In the lower level, a path tracking controller based on the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is designed to improve the control accuracy, and a high-fidelity nonlinear dynamic predictive vehicle model with 16 degrees of freedom is established to depict the vehicle dynamic properties comprehensively. To solve the nonlinear optimization problem and get the optimal control steering angle output, an adaptive weight adjustment strategy and a varying predictive duration method are formulated. The optimization constraints related to steering actuator ability, plane stability limits, rollover prevention thresholds and tire adhesion requirements are constructed and converted as the bounds of the vehicle dynamic states. To verify the proposed framework, the simulation and HIL test platform are built and different driving scenarios are validated. The test results show the satisfactory performance of path planning and path tracking considering the dynamic constraints for safety and stability.

Automated summary

The obstacle avoidance problem in autonomous vehicles, especially in autonomous heavy vehicles, has gained increasing attention due to their high gravity center, large carrying capacity, and promising commercial prospects. However, the dynamic properties of the vehicle are often overlooked in path planning, which poses a significant risk to driving safety. This study proposes an integrated collision avoidance framework that combines a new path planner and a tracking controller to consider multiple dynamic constraints. The upper level focuses on generating an optimal path based on B-splines while optimizing the collision avoidance path considering various dynamic constraints such as tire nonlinear dynamics, lateral stability limits, and anti-slip constraints. The lower level involves designing a path tracking controller using nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) to improve control accuracy and establish a high-fidelity nonlinear dynamic predictive vehicle model. The framework is validated through simulations and HIL tests, demonstrating satisfactory performance in path planning and tracking, taking into account dynamic constraints for safety and stability.