Journal
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
Volume 23, Issue 8, Pages 8080-8093Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3247969
Keywords
Transducers; Ultrasonic imaging; Optical imaging; Biomedical optical imaging; Optical device fabrication; Indium tin oxide; Imaging; CMUT; fabrication; micromachining; piezoelectric; PMUT; transparent transducer
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Ultrasound (US) transducer is a crucial component for hybrid or combination imaging modalities. However, conventional US transducers are opaque, limiting optical illumination and system performance. To overcome these drawbacks, optically transparent ultrasound transducers (TUTs) have been explored, including piezoelectric and microelectromechanical system-based capacitive and piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. This article compares the materials and fabrication process used to make different types of TUT.
Ultrasound (US) transducer is a crucial component for several imaging modalities, where acoustic sensing is utilized as a part of hybrid or combination of pure optical and US imaging. However, conventional US transducers are opaque, and the optical components in the system require a different pathway to avoid any interference. The absence of coaxial integration limits the optical illumination area, adds complexity, and makes the system bulky. Moreover, the system performance is deteriorated due to the unoptimized illumination in hybrid imaging and the lack of correlation between the data acquired through the combined modalities. To overcome these drawbacks, different approaches to realize optically transparent ultrasound transducers (TUTs) have been explored that include piezoelectric-based and microelectromechanical system-based capacitive and piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. Unlike conventional opaque transducers, each component of TUTs requires specific materials and a certain recipe which all together determine the overall performance of the transducer. In this article, we have performed a comparative analysis on the materials and on the fabrication process used to make different types of TUT.
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