Potential Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Due To Iodine Injection From Small Satellites

Article Engineering, Aerospace

Design and In-orbit Demonstration of REGULUS, an Iodine electric propulsion system

Nicolas Bellomo et al.

Summary: REGULUS is an Iodine-based electric propulsion system designed for CubeSat platforms larger than 6 U. It has been integrated on the UniSat-7 satellite for an ongoing In-orbit Demonstration (IoD).

CEAS SPACE JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole

Carlos A. Cuevas et al.

Summary: This study found that the injection of iodine into the Antarctic stratosphere has a significant impact on the formation and development of the Antarctic ozone hole, especially in spring. The inclusion of iodine can advance the formation of the ozone hole and delay its closure, increasing the area and mass deficit of the hole.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2022)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

The Climate and Ozone Impacts of Black Carbon Emissions From Global Rocket Launches

Christopher M. Maloney et al.

Summary: Aerosol emissions from spaceflight activities, particularly the injection of black carbon particles into the stratosphere, have a significant impact on stratospheric temperature, circulation, and ozone levels. These climate responses are directly proportional to the emission rates, indicating the sensitivity of the stratosphere to BC injections.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES (2022)

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Editorial Material Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Atmospheric impacts of the space industry require oversight

Jamie D. Shutler et al.

Summary: Rocket emissions and space debris are causing detrimental effects on global atmospheric chemistry, highlighting the urgent need for improved monitoring and regulation to ensure environmental sustainability in the space industry.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate

Robert G. Ryan et al.

Summary: A detailed examination of the impact of modern space launches on the Earth's atmosphere is crucial due to the booming investment in the space industry and the anticipated space tourism era. Recent studies have found that nitrogen oxides and chlorine from rocket launches and re-entry contribute equally to stratospheric ozone depletion. While the decline in global stratospheric ozone is small (0.01%), it reaches 0.15% in the upper stratosphere after a decade of sustained growth in launches and re-entries. With a decade of emissions from space tourism rockets, the ozone depletion increases to 0.24%, undermining the recovery achieved with the Montreal Protocol. Furthermore, rocket emissions of black carbon produce substantial global mean radiative forcing, surpassing emissions from all other sources.

EARTHS FUTURE (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Arctic Ozone Depletion in 2019/20: Roles of Chemistry, Dynamics and the Montreal Protocol

Wuhu Feng et al.

Summary: Using a three-dimensional chemical transport model and satellite observations, researchers investigated the Arctic ozone depletion in winter/spring 2019/20 and compared it with previous years. Persistently low temperatures led to extensive chlorine activation, while weak dynamical replenishment played a key role in causing very low column ozone values in the region. The study also showed that the gradual recovery of the ozone layer over the past two decades alleviated the polar cap ozone depletion in March 2020 by around 20 DU.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

In-orbit demonstration of an iodine electric propulsion system

Dmytro Rafalskyi et al.

Summary: The successful demonstration of an electric space propulsion system based on iodine instead of xenon, a more expensive and difficult-to-store propellant, has proven to be advantageous in terms of system miniaturization and simplification. Iodine enables small satellites to have new capabilities and potential for various space missions.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Sensitivity of Iodine-Mediated Stratospheric Ozone Loss Chemistry to Future Chemistry-Climate Scenarios

J. Eric Klobas et al.

Summary: The study suggests that future changes in the state of the stratosphere have less impact on iodine-mediated ozone loss compared to chlorine- and bromine-mediated reactions. Additionally, the inclusion of the heterogeneous reaction of ozone with aqueous iodide in stratospheric aerosol significantly enhances iodine and chlorine-mediated ozone loss efficiency.

FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Iodine chemistry in the chemistry-climate model SOCOL-AERv2-I

Arseniy Karagodin-Doyennel et al.

Summary: This paper introduces a new version of the chemistry-climate model SOCOL-AERv2 with an added iodine chemistry module. The study shows that iodine has a significant impact on ozone, particularly in the lower stratosphere, resulting in reduced ozone concentrations. Sensitivity tests reveal that doubling iodine emissions globally leads to an additional decrease in the ozone column.

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere

Theodore K. Koenig et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

The environmental impact of emissions from space launches: A comprehensive review

J. A. Dallas et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

The Chemistry Mechanism in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)

Louisa K. Emmons et al.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS (2020)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Revising the Ozone Depletion Potentials Metric for Short-Lived Chemicals Such as CF3I and CH3I

Jun Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES (2020)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

A comprehensive assessment of tropical stratospheric upwelling in the specified dynamics Community Earth System Model 1.2.2-Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM (WACCM))

Nicholas A. Davis et al.

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT (2020)

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Review Engineering, Aerospace

Towards the Thousandth CubeSat: A Statistical Overview

Thyrso Villela et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

On the Dynamical Control of the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere by the Lower and Middle Atmosphere

Anne K. Smith et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES (2017)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Global atmospheric response to emissions from a proposed reusable space launch system

Erik J. L. Larson et al.

EARTHS FUTURE (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Dissociative Recombination of FeO+ with Electrons: Implications for Plasma Layers in the Ionosphere

D. L. Bones et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A (2016)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Iodine's impact on tropospheric oxidants: a global model study in GEOS-Chem

T. Sherwen et al.

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2016)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Injection of iodine to the stratosphere

A. Saiz-Lopez et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2015)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone

R. Hossaini et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2015)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Simulation of polar ozone depletion: An update

Susan Solomon et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES (2015)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA2

A. Molod et al.

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT (2015)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Atmospheric iodine levels influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine

Lucy J. Carpenter et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2013)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

A global atmospheric model of meteoric iron

Wuhu Feng et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES (2013)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Atmospheric Chemistry of Iodine

Alfonso Saiz-Lopez et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2012)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Bromine and iodine chemistry in a global chemistry-climate model: description and evaluation of very short-lived oceanic sources

C. Ordonez et al.

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2012)

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Article Environmental Sciences

The Brewer-Dobson circulation and total ozone from seasonal to decadal time scales

M. Weber et al.

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2011)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Quantifying the contribution of marine organic gases to atmospheric iodine

Charlotte E. Jones et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2010)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Potential climate impact of black carbon emitted by rockets

Martin Ross et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2010)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Potential impact of iodinated replacement compounds CF3I and CH3I on atmospheric ozone: a three-dimensional modeling study

D. Youn et al.

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2010)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Iodine in the marine boundary layer

LJ Carpenter

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2003)

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Potential Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Due To Iodine Injection From Small Satellites

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