Assessing the effects of ammonia (NH3) as the secondary fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics with nano-additives

Ammonia is a promising alternative to replace the non-renewable fossil fuels. The present work offers the detailed evaluation of ammonia suitability in the diesel engine and how it is affecting the primary properties of the diesel engine. A series of tests was conducted on the test samples such as diesel, B20, B20N, B20A5 and B20A10 across various engine loading conditions. Two different ammonia energy ratios of 5 L/min and 10 L/min have been utilized. In addition to ammonia, the role of nanoparticles was analyzed and compared how far they can be competitive to the green ammonia fuel. 75 ppm of TiO2 nanoparticles was dispersed with Chlorella vul-garis microalgae biodiesel blends using ultrasonication. Ammonia was injected as the secondary fuel via air intake. Based on the results, adding ammonia in the diesel engine reduced the brake thermal efficiency of the engine. There was a drastic drop in the brake thermal efficiency that has been reported across various loads. Nevertheless, biodiesel blends with nanoparticles reported peak thermal efficiency due to the enhanced cetane number and calorific value of the fuel. On contrary, the brake specific fuel consumption of B10A and B20A was decreased compared to the other blends. As the ammonia concentration increased, both the peak cylinder pressure and heat release rates were higher. Due to the addition of ammonia, NOx emission was higher due to the higher cylinder temperature. On the other hand, the emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hy-drocarbons were reduced for all cases compared to neat diesel.

Automated summary

This study conducted tests on diesel engine to evaluate the suitability of ammonia as a substitute fuel for diesel and its impact on the primary properties of the engine. The results showed that adding ammonia reduced the brake thermal efficiency of the engine, but adding nanoparticles improved the thermal efficiency of biodiesel blends.