Estimation of exposure to phthalate esters from consumption of powdered infant formula sampled in Turkey

Phthalate esters (PAEs) adversely affect the human endocrine and reproductive systems. These chemical toxic compounds are used as plasticizers, in particular to improve the mechanical properties of different food packing materials. Daily food consumption is the predominant source of exposure for PAEs, especially for infants. In this study, residue profiles and levels for eight PAEs were determined in 30 infant (stage I, II and special A and B) formulas of 12 brands in Turkey and health risk assessments were performed. The average level of PAEs were different for each formula group and packing type except for BBP (p < 0.01). The highest average mean level of PAEs was detected in paperboard type packing, while the lowest average mean level of PAEs was detected in metal can type packing. The highest average level of PAEs detected was DEHP in special formulas (22.1 ng g(-1)). The average hazard quotient (HQ) value was calculated as 8.43 x 10(-5)-8.94 x 10(-5) for BBP, 1.49 x 10(-3)-1.58 x 10(-3) for DBP, 2.06 x 10(-2)-2.18 x 10(-2) for DEHP, and 7.21 x 10(-4)-7.65 x 10(-4) for DINP. The average HI values were calculated as 2.29 x 10(-2) for 0-6 months old infants, 2.39 x 10(-2) for 6-12 months old infants, and 2.43 x 10(-2) for 12-36 months old infants. These calculated results show that commercial infant formulas were a source of exposure to PAEs but did not present a significant health risk.

Automated summary

This study investigated the levels of eight Phthalate esters (PAEs) residues in 30 infant formulas from 12 brands in Turkey and conducted health risk assessments. The results showed that the levels of PAEs varied among different formula groups, with the highest average level of DEHP detected in special formulas. The calculated results indicated that the exposure to PAEs from infant formulas posed a risk but did not present a significant health risk.