Cyhalofop-butyl exposure induces the severe hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity in zebrafish embryos

Cyhalofop-butyl (CyB) is a highly effective herbicide and is widely used for weed control in paddy fields. Because CyB is easily residual in the aquatic environment, its potential harm to aquatic organisms has attracted much attention and has not been fully understood. In this study, we systematically explored the hepatotoxic and immunotoxic effects of CyB exposure in zebrafish embryos. Firstly, CyB induced a decrease in the survival rate of zebrafish and led to a series of developmental abnormalities. Meanwhile, CyB can significantly reduce the size of zebrafish liver tissue and the number of hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Secondly, the number of macrophages and neutrophils significantly decreased but the antioxidant enzyme activities such as CAT and MDA were greatly elevated upon CyB exposure. Thirdly, RNA-Seq analysis identified 1, 402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 621 up-regulated and 781 down-regulated in zebrafish embryos after CyB exposure. KEGG and GO functional analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, biosynthesis of antibiotics, and metabolism of xenobiotics, along with oxidation-reduction process, high-density lipoprotein particle and cholesterol transport activity were significantly enriched after CyB exposure. Besides, hierarchical clustering analysis suggested that the genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and innate immunity were largely activated in CyB-exposed zebrafish. Moreover, CyB induced zebrafish liver injury and increased hepatocyte apoptosis, which increased the protein expression levels of Bax, TLR4, NF-kB p65 and STAT3 in zebrafish. Finally, specific inhibition of TLR signaling pathway by TLR4 knock-down could significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by CyB exposure. Taken together, these informations demonstrated that CyB could induce the hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity in zebrafish embryos, and the expression levels of many genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune inflammation were obtained by RNA-Seq analysis. This study provides valuable information for future elucidating the aquatic toxicity of herbicide in aquatic ecosystems.

Automated summary

In this study, the hepatotoxic and immunotoxic effects of Cyhalofop-butyl (CyB) exposure in zebrafish embryos were systematically investigated. CyB exposure led to decreased survival rate and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish. Additionally, CyB exposure resulted in significant changes in cellular and genetic levels, including oxidation-reduction, lipid metabolism, and immune inflammation.