Journal
FEBS LETTERS
Volume 597, Issue 15, Pages 1928-1945Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14674
Keywords
ER-associated degradation; ER-phagy; ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation; lysosome; vacuole; ubiquitin; proteasome system
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Conserved catabolic pathways operate to remove aberrant polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), utilizing ERAD pathways and ER-phagy. ERAD pathways control retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins across the ER membrane, while ER-phagy segregates proteins into ER subdomains that eventually vesiculate. These ER-derived vesicles can be captured by autophagosomes, endolysosomes/vacuoles, or fused with degradative organelles.
Conserved catabolic pathways operate to remove aberrant polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major biosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic cells. The best known are the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways that control the retrotranslocation of terminally misfolded proteins across the ER membrane for clearance by the cytoplasmic ubiquitin/proteasome system. In this review, we catalog folding-defective mammalian, yeast, and plant proteins that fail to engage ERAD machineries. We describe that they rather segregate in ER subdomains that eventually vesiculate. These ER-derived vesicles are captured by double membrane autophagosomes, engulfed by endolysosomes/vacuoles, or fused with degradative organelles to clear cells from their toxic cargo. These client-specific, mechanistically diverse ER-phagy pathways are grouped under the umbrella term of ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation for description in this essay.
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