Journal
EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY
Volume 20, Issue 7, Pages 955-978Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2228202
Keywords
Viral nanoparticles; nanocarriers; targeted delivery; controlled release; biomedical application
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This article comprehensively reviews the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions of virus-based nanocarriers (VNPs) for biomedical applications. It examines different types of VNPs and their biomedical applications, cargo loading and targeted delivery strategies, and the latest developments in controlled release of cargoes. Challenges faced by VNPs in biomedical applications are identified, and solutions are provided to overcome them.
IntroductionViral nanoparticles (VNPs) are virus-based nanocarriers that have been studied extensively and intensively for biomedical applications. However, their clinical translation is relatively low compared to the predominating lipid-based nanoparticles. Therefore, this article describes the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions of the VNP-based platform, which will leverage the development of next-generation VNPs.Areas coveredDifferent types of VNPs and their biomedical applications are reviewed comprehensively. Strategies and approaches for cargo loading and targeted delivery of VNPs are examined thoroughly. The latest developments in controlled release of cargoes from VNPs and their mechanisms are highlighted too. The challenges faced by VNPs in biomedical applications are identified, and solutions are provided to overcome them.Expert opinionIn the development of next-generation VNPs for gene therapy, bioimaging and therapeutic deliveries, focus must be given to reduce their immunogenicity, and increase their stability in the circulatory system. Modular virus-like particles (VLPs) which are produced separately from their cargoes or ligands before all the components are coupled can speed up clinical trials and commercialization. In addition, removal of contaminants from VNPs, cargo delivery across the blood brain barrier (BBB), and targeting of VNPs to organelles intracellularly are challenges that will preoccupy researchers in this decade.
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