PHLDA3 activated by BARX2 transcription, suppresses the malignant development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by downregulating PI3K/AKT levels

Background: Low pleckstrin homology-like domain family A, member 3 (PHLDA3) expression has been reported to be associated with cancer specificity and disease-free survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and was an independent predictor of postoperative recurrence. However, the specific mechanisms involved are still unclear. This paper aimed to explore the role and its mechanisms of PHLDA3 in ESCC.Materials and methods: PHLDA3 and BarH-like homeobox 2 (BARX2) expressions in ESCC were predicted by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) analysis and determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western Blot. Western blot detected the expression of proteins associated with migration, angiogenesis and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) signaling pathway. The University of California Santa Cruz Genomics Institute (UCSC) database predicted that the relationship of BARX2 and PHLDA3 promoter and JASPAR identified the possible binding sites. Dual luciferase gene reporter verified PHLDA3 promoter activity, and the relationship of both was determined by chromatin immunoprecip-itation (CHIP). Cell counting kit (CCK)-8, 5-ethynyl-2 '-deoxyuridine (EDU) and colony formation were used to assess cell proliferation. Wound healing and transwell were used to detect cell migration and invasion ability. Tube formation assay was applied to assess angiogenesis. Mice were injected with transfected KYSE30 cells under the right axilla. Body weight and tumor volume and mass were recorded for each group of mice. Immunohis-tochemistry was performed to detect KI67 level in tumor tissues. Results: Both PHLDA3 and BARX2 were downregulated in ESCC. The upregulated PHLDA3 suppressed PI3K/AKT expression. In addition, BARX2 bound to the PHLDA3 promoter and transcriptionally activated PHLDA3. PHLDA3 overexpression inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, but this effect was reversed by BARX2 knockdown. In addition, BARX2 overexpression inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, but this effect was reversed by PHLDA3 knockdown.Conclusion: PHLDA3 was transcriptionally activated by BARX2 and inhibited malignant progression of ESCC by downregulating PI3K/AKT levels.

Automated summary

This study explored the role and mechanism of PHLDA3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The results showed that both PHLDA3 and BARX2 were downregulated in ESCC, and PHLDA3 was transcriptionally activated by BARX2. PHLDA3 suppressed ESCC progression by downregulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.