Journal
ENERGY & FUELS
Volume 37, Issue 13, Pages 9568-9581Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c00913
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Hollow porous carbon spheres (HPCS) were synthesized using spherical silica nanoparticles as templates. The samples were characterized and HPCS-II showed the highest specific capacitance and superior electrochemical stability. The synthetic strategy involved using a hard template to create void spherical cores and space confinement to develop shells. The electrochemical behavior of HPCS-II is believed to be mainly due to electrical double-layer capacitance.
Hollow porous carbon spheres (HPCS) havebeen synthesizedby using spherical silica nanoparticles (S-SiO ( 2 )) as templates. S-SiO ( 2 ) nanoparticles have been coated first withthe polymer of phloroglucinol/1,4-phenylenediamine/formaldehyde (PPF), followed by a second layer of SiO2, and againwith PPF as the third layer. After each step of coating,the sample has been pyrolyzed under nitrogen and S-SiO ( 2 ) has been removed to obtain HPCS-I, HPCS-II, and HPCS-III, from the first,second, and third coated samples, respectively. The synthetic strategyrelies on the use of a hard template to create void spherical coresand space confinement to develop shells of the hollow spheres. Allof the materials show a uniform spherical morphology with a hollowinner core generated by the removal of the SiO2 template.The samples have been characterized by thermal analysis, powder X-raydiffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption studies, electron microscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Among the samples, the structuralformation of HPCS-II is found to be superior and it isalso manifested in its electrochemical properties. While all of thesamples exhibit near-rectangular cyclic voltammograms, the specificcapacitance of HPCS-II is found to be the highest. Galvanostaticcharge/discharge (GCD) studies also support the observation, and thespecific capacitance is found to be 592 F center dot g(-1) at a current density of 1 A center dot g(-1), which isretained at 444 F center dot g(-1) even at a very high currentdensity of 100 A center dot g(-1). The major contributiontoward such electrochemical behavior is believed to arise from electricaldouble-layer capacitance (EDLC). HPCS-II is found tobe highly stable, retaining 100% of its capacitance value at leastup to 5000 GCD cycles. The power density of HPCS-II isnearly thrice the power target value projected by the Partnershipfor a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), and it shows an outstandingenergy density value.
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