Journal
ENERGY
Volume 282, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128227
Keywords
Battery electric buses; Time -dependent fleet transition; Declining battery and charger price; Charging station deployment
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Battery electric buses (BEBs) are gaining popularity worldwide due to their emission-free and energy-efficient features. This study proposes a time-dependent bus fleet transition model to determine the optimal plan for replacing traditional buses with BEBs, considering the potential decline in BEB battery and charger prices. The model considers factors such as electrified transit mileages, bus electrification costs, and deploys on-route fast chargers and depot chargers.
Battery electric buses (BEBs) have gained popularity due to their emission-free and energy-efficient features. Many transit authorities worldwide have set goals to gradually replace their bus fleets with BEBs. Considering the potential decline in BEB battery and charger prices, this study proposes a time-dependent bus fleet transition model to determine the optimal bus fleet transition plan, which includes selecting the bus lines to be electrified, determining the timing and type of BEBs to be purchased, and deploying on-route fast chargers and depot chargers. The model is a bi-objective integer linear program that considers the trade-off between electrified transit mileages and bus electrification costs. A normalized normal constraint method is applied to solve the bi-objective optimization model. The effectiveness of the proposed model is tested using a real-world bus network. Additionally, sensitivity analyses are conducted to better understand the impact of different parameter values on the optimal solutions. Our proposed model can provide transit authorities with a powerful tool to make informed decisions about their BEB fleet replacement plans.
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