Chemical and Microbiological Techniques for Recovery and/or Removal of Elements from Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash-A Review of Basic Methods

In the face of material shortages, growing environmental awareness, and technical advancement, incinerated waste materials are being considered secondary resources. Especially incinerated sewage sludge ash is of interest due to its massive and increasing production and relatively stable composition with a satisfying concentration of elements of value. This paper revises the basic methods for recovery of valuable components from incineration sewage sludge and simultaneous removal or stabilization of elements that may negatively influence the environment with further ash usage or storage. The presented work focuses on collating and analysing the efficiency of currently used approaches as well as their limitations and perspectives for future development. Chemical methods analysed include acidic and alkaline leaching, chelating, and sequential leaching. Due to scarce examples from literature, the exploration of a microbiological approach focuses on the mechanisms and potential for application of different microorganisms for element extraction. The methods described are relatively efficient and affordable, yet still need further development. Specifically, microbiological approaches are rarely used for incineration sewage sludge treatment regardless of their potential advantages over other approaches. Constant mineral and chemical composition within one incineration plant can vary among plants due to many factors, so a well-established range of techniques and an individual approach are important.

Automated summary

In response to material shortages, environmental concerns, and technological advancements, incinerated waste materials are now being considered as secondary resources. This paper examines the methods for recovering valuable components from incinerated sewage sludge and simultaneously removing or stabilizing elements that may harm the environment. The paper analyzes the efficiency, limitations, and future prospects of various chemical methods, including leaching and chelating, as well as the potential application of microbiological approaches. While the described methods are relatively efficient and cost-effective, further development is still needed. Microbiological approaches, despite their potential advantages, are underutilized in incinerated sewage sludge treatment.