Native vegetation structure, landscape features and climate shape non-native plant richness and cover in New Zealand native shrublands

Aim: Studies investigating the determinants of plant invasions rarely examine multiple factors and often only focus on the role played by native plant species richness. By contrast, we explored how vegetation structure, landscape features and climate shape non-native plant invasions across New Zealand in manuka and kanuka shrublands.LocationNew Zealand.Method: We based our analysis on 247 permanent 20 x 20-m plots distributed across New Zealand surveyed between 2009 and 2014. We calculated native plant species richness and cumulative cover at ground, understorey and canopy tiers. We examined non-native species richness and mean species ground cover in relation to vegetation structure (native richness and cumulative cover), landscape features (proportion of adjacent anthropogenic land cover, distance to nearest road or river) and climate. We used generalized additive models (GAM) to assess which variables had greatest importance in determining non-native richness and mean ground cover and whether these variables had a similar effect on native species in the ground tier.Result: A positive relationship between native and non-native plant species richness was not due to their similar responses to the variables examined in this study. Higher native canopy richness resulted in lower non-native richness and mean ground cover, whereas higher native ground richness was associated with higher native canopy richness. Non-native richness and mean ground cover increased with the proportion of adjacent anthropogenic land cover, whereas for native richness and mean ground cover, this relationship was negative. Non-native richness increased in drier areas, while native richness was more influenced by temperature.Main Conclusions: Adjacent anthropogenic land cover seems to not only facilitate non-native species arrival by being a source of propagules but also aids their establishment as a result of fragmentation. Our results highlight the importance of examining both cover and richness in different vegetation tiers to better understand non-native plant invasions.

Automated summary

This study investigates the factors influencing non-native plant invasions in manuka and kanuka shrublands in New Zealand. The results show that adjacent anthropogenic land cover not only facilitates the arrival of non-native species but also aids their establishment.