Diverse mechanisms of polysaccharide biosynthesis, assembly and secretion across kingdoms

Polysaccharides are essential biopolymers produced in all kingdoms of life. On the cell surface, they represent versatile architectural components, forming protective capsules and coats, cell walls, or adhesives. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis mechanisms differ based on the cellular localization of polymer assembly. Some polysaccharides are first synthesized in the cytosol and then extruded by ATP powered transporters [1]. In other cases, the polymers are assembled outside the cell [2], synthesized and secreted in a single step [3], or deposited on the cell surface via vesicular trafficking [4]. This review focuses on recent insights into the biosynthesis, secretion, and assembly of EPS in microbes, plants and vertebrates. We focus on comparing the sites of biosynthesis, secretion mechanisms, and higher-order EPS assemblies.

Automated summary

Polysaccharides are crucial biopolymers found in all forms of life. They serve as versatile structural components on the cell surface, providing protection, cell adhesion, and other functions. The biosynthesis and secretion mechanisms of extracellular polysaccharides vary depending on the cellular localization of polymer assembly. This review highlights recent advancements in understanding the biosynthesis, secretion, and assembly of EPS in microbes, plants, and vertebrates, with a focus on comparing the sites of biosynthesis, secretion mechanisms, and higher-order EPS assemblies.