Cortical interneuron specification and diversification in the era of big data

Inhibition in the mammalian cerebral cortex is mediated by a small population of highly diverse GABAergic interneurons. These largely local neurons are interspersed among excitatory projection neurons and exert pivotal regulation on the formation and function of cortical circuits. We are beginning to understand the extent of GABAergic neuron diversity and how this is generated and shaped during brain development in mice and humans. In this review, we summarise recent findings and discuss how new technologies are being used to further advance our knowledge. Understanding how inhibitory neurons are generated in the embryo is an essential pre-requisite of stem cell therapy, an evolving area of research, aimed at correcting human disorders that result in inhibitory dysfunction.

Automated summary

Inhibition in the mammalian cerebral cortex is regulated by a small population of diverse GABAergic interneurons. These local neurons play a crucial role in the formation and function of cortical circuits. Recent findings and new technologies are advancing our understanding of the diversity and development of inhibitory neurons. This knowledge is essential for stem cell therapy and correcting human disorders involving inhibitory dysfunction.