From microfluidics to hierarchical hydrogel materials

Over the past two decades, microfluidics has made significant contributions to material and life sciences, particularly via the design of nano-, micro-and mesoscale materials such as nanoparticles, micelles, vesicles, emulsion droplets, and microgels. Unmatched in control over a multitude of material parameters, microfluidics has also shed light on fundamental aspects of material design such as the early stages of nucle-ation and growth processes as well as structure evolution. Exemplarily, polymer hydrogel particles can be formed via microfluidics with exact control over size, shape, functionali-zation, compartmentalization, and mechanics that is hardly found in any other processing method. Interestingly, the utili-zation of microfluidics for material design largely focuses on the fabrication of single entities that act as reaction volume for organic and cell-free biosynthesis, cell mimics, or local envi-ronment for cell culturing. In recent years, however, hydrogel design has shifted towards structures that integrate a large variety of functions, e.g., to address the demands for sensing tasks in a complex environment or more closely mimicking architecture and organization of tissue by multiparametric cultures. Hence, this review provides an overview of recent literature that explores microfluidics for fabricating hydrogel materials that go well beyond common length scales as well as the structural and functional complexity of microgels necessary to produce hierarchical hydrogel structures. We focus on ex-amples that utilize microfluidics to design microgel-based as-semblies, on microfluidically made polymer microgels for 3D bioprinting, on hydrogels fabricated by microfluidics in a continuous fashion, like fibers, and on hydrogel structures that are shaped by microchannels.

Automated summary

Over the past two decades, microfluidics has played a significant role in the design and fabrication of nano-, micro-, and mesoscale materials such as nanoparticles, micelles, vesicles, emulsion droplets, and microgels. Microfluidics offers precise control over material parameters and has contributed to understanding the early stages of material design, nucleation, and growth processes. Recent advancements in microfluidic techniques have expanded hydrogel design to incorporate multiple functions and produce hierarchical structures, enabling applications in sensing, 3D bioprinting, continuous fabrication, and shaping via microchannels.