Impact of prior cryptococcal antigen screening on in-hospital mortality in cryptococcal meningitis or fungaemia among HIV-seropositive individuals in South Africa: a cross-sectional observational study

Objectives: We investigated whether patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM) or fungaemia detected through South Africa's laboratory cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening programme had better outcomes than those presenting directly to the hospital. Methods: We compared 14-day in-hospital case-fatality ratios of HIV-seropositive individuals with CD4 counts below 100 cells/mL and laboratory-confirmed CM/fungaemia from 2017-2021, with or without evidence of a positive blood CrAg test within 14 days prior to diagnosis. We evaluated whether the impact of prior CrAg screening on mortality varied according to the study period (pre-COVID-19: before March 2020 vs. COVID-19: after March 2020). Results: Overall, 24.5% (830/3390) of patients had a prior positive CrAg test within 14 days of diagnosis. CrAg-screened patients were less likely to have an altered mental status at baseline than non-CrAgscreened patients (38.1% [296/776] vs. 42.6% [1010/2372], p = 0.03), and had a lower crude 14-day case-fatality ratio (24.7% [205/830] vs. 28.3% [724/2560]; OR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.69-0.99]; p = 0.045). Previous CrAg screening was associated with a greater reduction in the crude 14-day mortality during the COVID-19 period (OR, 0.64 [0.47-0.87]; p = 0.005) compared with before (OR, 0.95 [0.76-1.19]; p = 0.68). After adjustment, previous CrAg screening within 14 days was associated with increased survival only during the COVID-19 period (adjusted OR, 0.70 [0.51-0.96]; p = 0.03). Discussion: Previous CrAg screening was associated with a survival benefit in patients hospitalized with CM/fungaemia during the COVID-19 period, with fewer patients having an altered mental status at baseline, suggesting that these patients may have been diagnosed with cryptococcosis earlier. Olivier Paccoud, Clin Microbiol Infect 2023;29:1063 & COPY; 2023 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Patients with CM or fungaemia detected through South Africa's laboratory CrAg screening program had better outcomes than those presenting directly to the hospital. Prior CrAg screening was associated with a lower 14-day case-fatality ratio, and the impact was greater during the COVID-19 period.