Effective use of limestones to reconstruct seawater Li isotope compositions- A community standard proposal

Past variations in lithium concentration and isotope ratio of seawater recorded in marine carbonates have shown great potential in tracing carbon cycles during critical climate transitions, especially coupled with the radiogenic strontium isotope system. However, acquiring reliable seawater Li isotope compositions from marine carbonates can be technically challenging because non-carbonate phases co-existed in ancient marine carbonates can easily contaminate carbonate Li signal during inappropriate sample dissolution. Each contaminant phase, including Mn oxides, clays, and silicate minerals, can have different Li isotope compositions than that preserved in the car-bonate lattice. More importantly, a significant portion of Li is adsorbed on the Mn oxides and clay minerals. This fraction is considered exchangeable and can be liberated using weak acid without destruction of mineral structure. Cleaning procedures and partial digestion have been applied to remove the exchangeable Li fraction in contaminative phases and selectively dissolve the carbonates. However, previous methods cannot be directly applied to ancient marine carbonates of various carbonate purity, which lack systematic testing on the threshold of sample purity to maintain the efficiency of the precleaning and partial digestion. Here we report an efficient sequential leaching protocol to extract primary seawater Li and Sr isotope compositions from bulk marine car-bonates. The procedure consists of pre-cleaning steps using 1 M ammonium acetate and 1 M ammonium car-bonate to completely remove the exchangeable fraction, followed by partial digestion using 0.3 M acetic acid to selectively target carbonate-bounded Li. We validate this method by mixing carbonate and contaminant end -members in different weight percentages. We found this protocol works effectively for carbonates of >80% purity. Additionally, we demonstrate filtration is necessary when separating leachates from the solids to quan-titatively avoid contaminations from non-carbonate phases. We also suggest NIST-SRM-1d to be a cross-lab carbonate standard for Li isotope analyses and report its long-term external precision (two years). To sum, we propose an effective community standard procedure to reconstruct delta 7Lisw records using ancient bulk carbonate samples.

Automated summary

Past variations in lithium concentration and isotope ratio of seawater recorded in marine carbonates have potential in tracing carbon cycles during climate transitions. However, obtaining reliable seawater Li isotope compositions from marine carbonates is challenging due to contamination from non-carbonate phases. We report an efficient protocol using sequential leaching to extract primary seawater Li and Sr isotope compositions from marine carbonates.