Microstructural and strength improvements through the use of Na2CO3 in a cementless Ca(OH)(2)-activated Class F fly ash system

This study explores the beneficial effects of Na2CO3 as an additive for microstructural and strength improvements in a Ca(OH)(2)-activated fly ash system. NaOH-activated fly ash samples were also tested to compare the effect of Na2CO3. Compressive strength testing, XRD, SEM/BSE/EDS, Si-29/Al-27 MAS-NMR, MIP and TGA were performed. The testing results indicate that the use of Na2CO3 for Ca(OH)(2)-activation led to a noticeable improvement in strength and microstructure, primarily due to (1) more dissolution of raw fly ash at an early age, (2) more formation of C-S-H [or C-S-H(l)], (3) porosity reduction, and (4) pore-size refinement. We also found that (1) an early high alkalinity from the NaOH formation was not a major cause of strength, (2) geopolymer was not formed despite the early NaOH formation, and (3) no visible pore-filling action of CaCO3 was observed. However, Na2CO3 did not produce any improvement in strength for NaOH-activated fly ash. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.