Mitochondria as central hubs in synaptic modulation

Mitochondria are present in the pre- and post-synaptic regions, providing the energy required for the activity of these very specialized neuronal compartments. Biogenesis of synaptic mitochondria takes place in the cell body, and these organelles are then transported to the synapse by motor proteins that carry their cargo along microtubule tracks. The transport of mitochondria along neurites is a highly regulated process, being modulated by the pattern of neuronal activity and by extracellular cues that interact with surface receptors. These signals act by controlling the distribution of mitochondria and by regulating their activity. Therefore, mitochondria activity at the synapse allows the integration of different signals and the organelles are important players in the response to synaptic stimulation. Herein we review the available evidence regarding the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by neuronal activity and by neuromodulators, and how these changes in the activity of mitochondria affect synaptic communication.

Automated summary

Mitochondria provide energy for synaptic activity and their transport along neurites is regulated by neuronal activity and extracellular cues. The distribution and activity of mitochondria at the synapse are controlled by signals that allow for the integration of different signals and the response to synaptic stimulation. This review examines the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by neuronal activity and neuromodulators, and how changes in mitochondrial activity affect synaptic communication.