Combined photothermal and sonodynamic therapy using a 2D black phosphorus nanosheets loaded coating for efficient bacterial inhibition and bone-implant integration

Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a major threat for implant failure in orthopedics. Herein, we report a dualfunctional coating on Ti implants (named Ti/PDA/BP) with the integration of two-dimensional (2D) photo-sono sensitive black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) and polydopamine (PDA) for efficient bacterial inhibition and bone-implant integration. For the first time, we employ BPNSs as generators of reactive radicals (ROS) under ultrasound (US) stimuli for implant associated infection. Additionally, the application of PDA improves the stability of BPNSs, the biocompatibility and photothermal performance of this hybrid coating. The as-prepared Ti/PDA/BP coating exhibits superior biocompatibility, bioactivity, photothermal and sonodynamic conversion abilities. Owing to the synergistic effect of hyperthermia and center dot OH, Ti/PDA/BP damages the membrane and antioxidant system of Staphylococcus aureus, reaching a high antibacterial activity of 96.6% in vitro and 97.3% in vivo with rapid 10 min NIR irradiation and 20 min US treatment. In addition, we firstly unveil the significant effect of Ti/PDA/BP-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on bacterial membrane and oxidative stress at the transcriptome level. Moreover, the Ti/PDA/BP coating remarkably promotes osteogenesis in vitro and bone-implant osseointegration in vivo. Overall, development of Ti/PDA/BP bioactive coating provides a new strategy for combating the implant associated infection.

Automated summary

This study reports a dual-functional coating (Ti/PDA/BP) on Ti implants that integrates two-dimensional photo-sono sensitive black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) and polydopamine (PDA) to inhibit bacterial growth and promote bone-implant integration. The coating demonstrates superior biocompatibility, bioactivity, photothermal and sonodynamic conversion abilities. By generating reactive radicals (ROS) under ultrasound stimuli, the Ti/PDA/BP coating achieves a high antibacterial activity of 96.6% in vitro and 97.3% in vivo. The coating also promotes osteogenesis and bone-implant osseointegration. Rating: 8/10.