Use of untargeted metabolomics to analyse changes in extractable soil organic matter in response to long-term fertilisation

This study aimed to explore the soil metabolic response to long-term fertiliser application and the effect of this response on the microbial community by taking advantage of the Woburn Organic Manuring Experiment (UK; operational since 1964). Untargeted metabolomes detected by gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer/mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS/MS) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass-spectrometer/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS/MS) were used to explore which method better reflected soil microbe-accessible metabolites. Microbial community abundance was detected by high-throughput sequencing. We found that long-term farmyard manure application enhanced the soil's total and dissolved C and N contents. The metabolite content detected by GC-TOFMS/MS (TOF detector with a cold injection unit) had a negative linear correlation with soil organic matter, extractable organic nitrogen (N), and microbial carbon (C). Conversely, the metabolite content detected by UHPLC-QTOFMS/MS was positively correlated with soil organic matter, indicating that metabolites detected by UHPLC-QTOFMS/MS were the main components of soluble soil organic matter. More positive than negative correlations were observed between metabolites and bacterial (69.5%) and fungal (67.9%) taxa in the co-occurrence network. Among the bacterial taxa in the network, the family Planococcaceae and genus Paenibacillus showed the most correlations with metabolites. The choice of extraction and detection method affects the identity and number of metabolites detected. Therefore, careful consideration is needed when selecting which methods to use. We demonstrated a strong correlation between soil metabolites and microbial community abundance. However, a deeper understanding of soil microbial function and metabolite formation, content, and decomposition is still needed.

Automated summary

This study investigated the soil metabolic response to long-term fertiliser application and its impact on the microbial community using the Woburn Organic Manuring Experiment. Gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer/mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS/MS) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass-spectrometer/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS/MS) were used to explore the detection of soil microbe-accessible metabolites. High-throughput sequencing was used to detect microbial community abundance. The results showed that farmyard manure application increased soil carbon and nitrogen content. The choice of extraction and detection method influenced the metabolites detected and there were correlations between metabolites and bacterial and fungal taxa in the co-occurrence network.