Resveratrol protects against postmenopausal atherosclerosis progression through reducing PCSK9 expression via the regulation of the ER?-mediated signaling pathway

Elevated circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) levels are an important contributor to postmenopausal atherosclerosis (AS). We have previously reported that resveratrol (RSV), as a phytoestrogen, reduces hepatocyte steatosis and PCSK9 expression in L02 cells. This study aimed to investigate how RSV reduces PCSK9 expression to inhibit postmenopausal AS progression. Here, we found that treatment of Ovx/ApoE -/-mice with RSV significantly reduced dyslipidemia, plasma PCSK9 concentration and aortic plaque area. In addition, RSV significantly inhibited liver fat accumulation and improved the hepatocyte ultrastructure. Further studies showed that RSV upregulated estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) expression, while reduced the liver X receptor alpha (LXR alpha) expression and sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) transcriptional activity. In vitro, RSV inhibited insulin-induced elevated intracellular/extracellular PCSK9 levels, enhanced receptor-mediated uptake of low-density lipoproteins in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, RSV attenuated the activity of the SRE-dependent PCSK9 promoter. However, these effects can be partially reversed by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Attenuation of these changes with ER alpha inhibition suggest that RSV may prevent the progression of post-menopausal AS by reducing PCSK9 expression in hepatocytes through ER alpha-mediated signaling.

Automated summary

This study demonstrates that resveratrol reduces PCSK9 expression in hepatocytes through ER alpha-mediated signaling, which leads to a decrease in dyslipidemia and aortic plaque area in postmenopausal AS.