Structural insights into the chromodomain of Oxpecker in complex with histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation reveal a transposon silencing mechanism by heterodimerization

Oxpecker, the homolog of Rhino/HP1D, exclusively expressed in Drosophila ovaries, belongs to the Heterochromatin Protein 1 family, as does Rhino. Rhi recognizes piRNA clusters enriched with the heterochromatin marker H3K9me3 via its N-terminal chromodomain and recruits Deadlock via its C -terminal chromoshadow domain, further recruits Moonshiner, a paralog of the TATA box-binding pro-tein-related factor 2 large subunits, to promote transcription of piRNA precursors, thereby protecting the genome. Despite Oxp possessing only the chromodomain, its loss leads to the upregulation of trans-posons in the female germline. In this study, we solved the crystal structure of the Oxp chromodomain in complex with the histone H3K9me3 peptide. As the Oxp chromodomain dimerizes, two H3K9me3 peptides bind to the Oxp chromodomain in an antiparallel manner. ITC experiments and site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that E44 determines Oxp's five-fold stronger binding ability to H3K9me3 than that of Rhi. In addition, we found that Oxp and Rhi can form a heterodimer, which may shed light on the molecular mechanism by which Oxp regulates transposon silencing in the absence of CSD.(c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Oxpecker, a homolog of Rhino/HP1D, is expressed exclusively in Drosophila ovaries and belongs to the Heterochromatin Protein 1 family, similar to Rhino. It recognizes piRNA clusters enriched with the heterochromatin marker H3K9me3 and recruits Deadlock and Moonshiner to promote transcription of piRNA precursors, thereby protecting the genome. The crystal structure of the Oxp chromodomain in complex with the histone H3K9me3 peptide has been solved, revealing its dimerization and stronger binding ability to H3K9me3 compared to Rhino. Furthermore, Oxp and Rhino can form a heterodimer, suggesting its involvement in transposon silencing in the absence of CSD.