The Microbiology of Biological Soil Crusts

Biological soil crusts are thin, inconspicuous communities along the soil atmosphere ecotone that, until recently, were unrecognized by ecologists and even more so by microbiologists. In its broadest meaning, the term biological soil crust (or biocrust) encompasses a variety of communities that develop on soil surfaces and are powered by photosynthetic primary producers other than higher plants: cyanobacteria, microalgae, and cryptogams like lichens and mosses. Arid land biocrusts are the most studied, but biocrusts also exist in other settings where plant development is constrained. The minimal requirement is that light impinge directly on the soil; this is impeded by the accumulation of plant litter where plants abound. Since scientists started paying attention, much has been learned about their microbial communities, their composition, ecological extent, and biogeochemical roles, about how they alter the physical behavior of soils, and even how they inform an understanding of early life on land. This has opened new avenues for ecological restoration and agriculture.

Automated summary

Biological soil crusts are communities that develop on soil surfaces and are powered by photosynthetic primary producers other than higher plants. They have been studied extensively in arid land environments, but are also found in other settings with limited plant development. Research has revealed their microbial communities, composition, ecological extent, and biogeochemical roles, as well as their impact on soil behavior and their importance in understanding early life on land. This knowledge has opened up new possibilities for ecological restoration and agriculture.