The structural and social determinants of Alzheimer's disease related dementias

INTRODUCTIONThe projected growth of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementia (ADRD) cases by midcentury has expanded the research field and impelled new lines of inquiry into structural and social determinants of health (S/SDOH) as fundamental drivers of disparities in AD/ADRD. METHODSIn this review, we employ Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory as a framework to posit how S/SDOH impact AD/ADRD risk and outcomes. RESULTSBronfenbrenner defined the macrosystem as the realm of power (structural) systems that drive S/SDOH and that are the root cause of health disparities. These root causes have been discussed little to date in relation to AD/ADRD, and thus, macrosystem influences, such as racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia, are the emphasis in this paper. DISCUSSIONUnder Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem framework, we highlight key quantitative and qualitative studies linking S/SDOH with AD/ADRD, identify scientific gaps in the literature, and propose guidance for future research. HighlightsEcological systems theory links structural/social determinants to AD/ADRD.Structural/social determinants accrue and interact over the life course to impact AD/ADRD.Macrosystem is made up of societal norms, beliefs, values, and practices (e.g., laws).Most macro-level determinants have been understudied in the AD/ADRD literature.

Automated summary

This review examines the impact of social and structural determinants of health on the risk and outcomes of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The study finds that macro-system influences such as racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia are the root causes of health disparities. By analyzing quantitative and qualitative studies, this paper highlights key areas of research linking social and structural determinants with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and proposes directions for future research.