Rows make the field: Winter wheat fields with manipulated crop architecture show potential for ecological intensification based on higher natural pest and weed seed control

Ecological intensification aims to reduce environmental costs of agricultural production by increasing biodi-versity and using the associated ecosystem services instead of, or in combination with, external inputs, so that yields are maintained at high levels or increased. However, to date there are few measures available for which such benefits have already been demonstrated in the field.In this study, the seeding pattern in winter wheat fields was manipulated to create a diversified crop archi-tecture consisting of 'unsown-rows' and 'densely-sown-rows' in treatment fields in comparison to 'convention-ally-sown-rows' in control fields to assess whether (i) in-field structural and microclimatic conditions are more heterogeneous in fields with manipulated crop architecture compared to conventionally managed fields, (ii) a change in crop architecture is related to higher species richness, activity density and altered body size distri-bution of carabid communities, (iii) this in turn increases natural pest and weed seed control, but (iv) does not lead to yield loss.In-field structural and microclimatic conditions were more heterogeneous in treatment fields compared to control fields, which was associated with significantly increased body sizes of predatory carabids and a trend for increased predatory carabid species richness (in the 'unsown-rows' of treatment fields). These changes were related to significantly stronger pest suppression in the 'densely-sown-rows' of treatment fields compared to 'conventionally-sown-rows' in control fields, with 10 % higher experimental pest predation rates and 56 % reduced crop damage caused by cereal leaf beetles. Moreover, carabids known to consume weed seeds showed significantly higher activity densities in 'unsown-rows' compared to 'conventionally-sown-rows', which was related to significantly higher experimental weed seed predation in 'densely-sown-rows'. Wheat yields were not significantly different in fields with or without manipulated crop architecture.The results suggest that the simple measure of manipulating the seeding pattern in winter wheat fields creates a diversified crop architecture, thereby promoting carabid diversity and altering their community composition and activity density such that important ecosystem services are increased without yield losses. Thus, beyond fostering biodiversity, this measure has, although not directly tested here, the potential for being used for ecological replacement of pesticides through enhanced ecosystem services without entailing agronomic and economic disadvantages such as land opportunity costs or increased workload.

Automated summary

Ecological intensification aims to reduce environmental costs of agricultural production by increasing biodiversity and using associated ecosystem services. In this study, researchers manipulated the seeding pattern in winter wheat fields to create a diversified crop architecture and found that it resulted in increased carabid diversity and altered community composition and activity density, leading to improved pest and weed control without yield losses. This measure could potentially replace pesticides with enhanced ecosystem services.