Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 15, Issue 23, Pages 27941-27951Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02709
Keywords
perovskite solar cell; stability; damp heatdegradation; NiO x
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The development of stable and processable materials, such as NiO x , is important for the industrialization of perovskite solar cells. However, NiO x may cause degradation of the cells under environmental stressors. Analytical studies and device simulation can help identify the cause of degradation and propose mitigation strategies.
The development of stable materials, processable on alarge area,is a prerequisite for perovskite industrialization. Beyond the perovskiteabsorber itself, this should also guide the development of all otherlayers in the solar cell. In this regard, the use of NiO x as a hole transport material (HTM) offers severaladvantages, as it can be deposited with high throughput on large areasand on flat or textured surfaces via sputtering, a well-establishedindustrial method. However, NiO x may triggerthe degradation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) when exposed to environmentalstressors. Already after 100 h of damp heat stressing, a strong fillfactor (FF) loss appears in conjunction with a characteristic S-shaped J-V curve. By performing a wide range of analysison cells and materials, completed by device simulation, the causeof the degradation is pinpointed and mitigation strategies are proposed.When NiO x is heated in an air-tight environment,its free charge carrier density drops, resulting in a band misalignmentat the NiO x /perovskite interface and inthe formation of a barrier impeding hole extraction. Adding an organiclayer between the NiO x and the perovskiteenables higher performances but not long-term thermal stability, forwhich reducing the NiO x thickness is necessary.
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